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THE SWIM BLADDER
AS A HYDROSTATIC ORGAN
J O H A N B . S T E E N
I . Introduction . . . . . . . . . .
I1 . The Biological Significance of the Swim Bladder .
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B . Circulation . . . . . . . . .
C . The Rete Mirabile . . . . . . . .
A . The Behavior of the Swim Bladder during
B . The Swim Bladder as a Float
C . Energy Saved by Neutral Buoyancy
D . The Cost of Depositing Gas . . . . .
E . The Ability to Concentrate Gases-The Composition
of the Swim Bladder Gas . . . . . .
V . The Mechanisms of Gas Transport . . . . .
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I11 . The Architecture of the Swim Bladder
A . General Organization and Cytology
IV . The Performance of the Swim Bladder
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Vertical Displacements . . . . . . .
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A . The Removal of Gas
B . The Maintenance of a Gas-Filled Swim Bladder
C . The Concentrating Ability of the Rete . . .
VI . The Realization of Countercurrent Multiplication
in the Swim Bladder . . . . . . . .
A . Release of 0 2 from Blood . . . . . .
B . Release of Inert Cases from Blood . . . .
D . Present Concept of Countercurrent Multiplication
in the Rete . . . . . . . . .
E . Gas Deposition in Fishes with Poorly Developed Rete
VII . Nervous Control of the Hydrostatic Function
of the Swim Bladder . . . . . . . .
References . . . . . . . . . . .
C . Multiplication by the Rete . . . . . .
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