:ifit;
A LA I N S O U R N IA
iiivctlt,ig,ro tions on othrr gcnrw or 11i~t11rd populations and its timing is
inw,ri;iMe, ~)iolun)inc.sc~i?nt:c bcing invcrsely correlated with sublight.
l’hrec espcriint~ntiil apl)i*owhrs miiy be rccognized and will be reviewed
II(W i i t tlw following orrlcr . ( I ) snniI,leH taken a t sea ctnd brought to the
h 1 ) o r t ~ t o r y d w r s ol)H(w;itlioiiH o r i~i(!}Lsiir~iiii(IiitR ure made, (2) laboratory (Oult,iirvH, (3) i,r situ stutlies.
‘I’hc. first botiy of evidence includes early visual observations by
Z i ~ h t ~ i ~ ~ s
( 1 $108) on Cernliunt lripos (Miiller) Nitzsch and by Kofoid arid
Swezy ( 1 ! ) P I ) on ncvcral genera* ; in both cases, persistence of the
rh$khni untlrr coni inuous clarkness was noted. Subsequent work
developed autoniat,ic: recording of the flashes : that of Hardy and Kay,
1 !I64 ( f’widiwiuvt and Ceratium spp.) and principally the sophisticated
Htudy by Kelly itnd Katona (1966) on surface waters of Woods Hole
(containing 10 luminescent species) which substantiated the occurrence
of light inhibition and endogenicity and, in addition, established that
nn endogenous rhythmicity of light sensitivity exists (see also Christianson and Sweeney, 1972).
Undeniably, the hero of dinoflagellate luminescence in laboratory
cultures is Ghyaulax polyedra, the rhythm of which has been character.
ized and explored to considerable extent by €3. M. Sweeney, J. IT.
H astirigs and co-workers (Haxo and Sweeney, 1955 ; Hastings and
Siweeney, 1057, 1958, 1959; Sweeney and Hastings, 1957 ; Sweeney
1.1 al., 1989 ; Bode et al., l!)t53; DeSa et nl., 1963 : Hastings, 1964;
Hitstinas ancl KryntLn, 1965 ; Sweeney, 1 9 6 9 ~
; Christianson and
Sweeney, 1972 : MrMui*ry and Httstings, 1972b, and others). Thanks
to bhein (the flagelliLt,e and the scientists), deep insight has been reached
into the mcchrinisms of the bioluminescence rhythm, and biological
clocks in genernl (ondogenous and exogenous components, luciferin and
lucifcriw periodicities, enzymatic and genetic inhibitors), not to speak
of the mechnnisms of bioluminescence itself (e.g. the scintillon system :
LkSu el al., 1063 and subsequent work). Cultures of Pyrocystis lunuln
Schutt were also tested (Swift and Taylor, 1967) and resulted in a 300to 800-fold change in flashing intensity from light to darkness, a considerable amplitude as compared to G‘onyuduz (40- to 60-fold ;
wferences ILS irbove). Similar ranges were found by Bigglcy et al. (1969)
who cornpiired the behaviour of 6‘. polyedrci, Pyrocpti*Y lunmln and
P!/rodiniu?n lniiainense in laboratory cultures ; die1 curve6 in the three
cases were squarewave shaped contrary to the sine-wave ~ h t i p . 9
obttiinctl by previous workers.
Coming now to in situ measurements, the first evidence for a similar
periodicity wits given by Backus el nl. ( 1 961) on surface populations,
’ M o o r o ‘ ~ ( 1 W!)) pnpw, H Iiich I* ofttvi n-frtrietl 1 6 1 , d c d q rrwurntially alth Copopods
A LA I N S O U R N IA
iiivctlt,ig,ro tions on othrr gcnrw or 11i~t11rd populations and its timing is
inw,ri;iMe, ~)iolun)inc.sc~i?nt:c bcing invcrsely correlated with sublight.
l’hrec espcriint~ntiil apl)i*owhrs miiy be rccognized and will be reviewed
II(W i i t tlw following orrlcr . ( I ) snniI,leH taken a t sea ctnd brought to the
h 1 ) o r t ~ t o r y d w r s ol)H(w;itlioiiH o r i~i(!}Lsiir~iiii(IiitR ure made, (2) laboratory (Oult,iirvH, (3) i,r situ stutlies.
‘I’hc. first botiy of evidence includes early visual observations by
Z i ~ h t ~ i ~ ~ s
( 1 $108) on Cernliunt lripos (Miiller) Nitzsch and by Kofoid arid
Swezy ( 1 ! ) P I ) on ncvcral genera* ; in both cases, persistence of the
rh$khni untlrr coni inuous clarkness was noted. Subsequent work
developed autoniat,ic: recording of the flashes : that of Hardy and Kay,
1 !I64 ( f’widiwiuvt and Ceratium spp.) and principally the sophisticated
Htudy by Kelly itnd Katona (1966) on surface waters of Woods Hole
(containing 10 luminescent species) which substantiated the occurrence
of light inhibition and endogenicity and, in addition, established that
nn endogenous rhythmicity of light sensitivity exists (see also Christianson and Sweeney, 1972).
Undeniably, the hero of dinoflagellate luminescence in laboratory
cultures is Ghyaulax polyedra, the rhythm of which has been character.
ized and explored to considerable extent by €3. M. Sweeney, J. IT.
H astirigs and co-workers (Haxo and Sweeney, 1955 ; Hastings and
Siweeney, 1057, 1958, 1959; Sweeney and Hastings, 1957 ; Sweeney
1.1 al., 1989 ; Bode et al., l!)t53; DeSa et nl., 1963 : Hastings, 1964;
Hitstinas ancl KryntLn, 1965 ; Sweeney, 1 9 6 9 ~
; Christianson and
Sweeney, 1972 : MrMui*ry and Httstings, 1972b, and others). Thanks
to bhein (the flagelliLt,e and the scientists), deep insight has been reached
into the mcchrinisms of the bioluminescence rhythm, and biological
clocks in genernl (ondogenous and exogenous components, luciferin and
lucifcriw periodicities, enzymatic and genetic inhibitors), not to speak
of the mechnnisms of bioluminescence itself (e.g. the scintillon system :
LkSu el al., 1063 and subsequent work). Cultures of Pyrocystis lunuln
Schutt were also tested (Swift and Taylor, 1967) and resulted in a 300to 800-fold change in flashing intensity from light to darkness, a considerable amplitude as compared to G‘onyuduz (40- to 60-fold ;
wferences ILS irbove). Similar ranges were found by Bigglcy et al. (1969)
who cornpiired the behaviour of 6‘. polyedrci, Pyrocpti*Y lunmln and
P!/rodiniu?n lniiainense in laboratory cultures ; die1 curve6 in the three
cases were squarewave shaped contrary to the sine-wave ~ h t i p . 9
obttiinctl by previous workers.
Coming now to in situ measurements, the first evidence for a similar
periodicity wits given by Backus el nl. ( 1 961) on surface populations,
’ M o o r o ‘ ~ ( 1 W!)) pnpw, H Iiich I* ofttvi n-frtrietl 1 6 1 , d c d q rrwurntially alth Copopods