LNTAlZUTIU BENTHOS
31
material; Pearcey (1914) from the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition; Chapman (1916a, b) from the British Antarctic Expedition 190709 ; Wiesner (1931) from the German South Polar Expedition ; HeronAllen and Earland (1932) and Earland (1936) from the material collected by the Discovery Investigations ; Chapman and Parr (1937) from
the Australasian Antarctic Expedition ; Cushman (1945) from the U.S.
Antarctic Service Expedition and Parr (1950) from the B.A.N.Z.A.R.
Expedition. Warthin (1934) recorded some material from 1 600 ft in
the Bay of Whales, Ross Sea, and Crespin (1960) studied Foraminifera
from terraces in the Vestfold Hills and reviewed some previous work.
Some of these earlier reports went beyond questions of identification,
classification and distribution.
A much stronger ecological basis and a rather different outlook has
been apparent in more recent work, obviously influenced by the trends
of research in other areas. The workers responsible have been able to
escape very largely from the qualitative approach of the earlier works
(essential though this W ~ B a t the time) and develop a much more
quantitative approach.
Uchio (1960) studied the benthonic Foraminifera from ten samples
from Lutzow-Holm Bay (38'E). He recognized three assemblages
based on depth
1. From 350 to 850 m with the characteristic species, Angulogerina
angulosa Cushman, Epistominelh exigua (Brady ) and Ehrenbergina
glubra Heron-Allen and Earland.
2. Prom 850 to 2000m. An assemblage of Bulimina aculeata
Orbigny with a dominance of Eponides weddellemis Earland.
3. Deeper than 2 000 m. Assemblages of Eponides weddellensis and
Epistominellu exigua. The two species Haplophragmoides bradyi
(Robertson) and Bulimina rostrata Brady appeared to be restricted to
this zone.
Saidova (1961) demonstrated an increase in Foraminifera down to
about 400m. Abundant calcareous species occurred down to about
4 000 m. Species groups occurred at 150 to 500, 1 200 to 2 800, and at
3 500 to 5 000 m respectively.
A major contribution came from McKnight (1962) who reviewed
previous work on Foraminifera in the Antarctic and presented very full
quantitative data based on 28 surface core samples. From an analysis
of his results he could find no correlation between distribution and
depth, temperature, salinity, or mean grain size. Organic carbon seemed
a possible controlling mechanism especially for arenaceous species. In
some instances the spread of grain size in the sediments also appeared
to have some effect. McKnight postulated a bottom current carrying a
31
material; Pearcey (1914) from the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition; Chapman (1916a, b) from the British Antarctic Expedition 190709 ; Wiesner (1931) from the German South Polar Expedition ; HeronAllen and Earland (1932) and Earland (1936) from the material collected by the Discovery Investigations ; Chapman and Parr (1937) from
the Australasian Antarctic Expedition ; Cushman (1945) from the U.S.
Antarctic Service Expedition and Parr (1950) from the B.A.N.Z.A.R.
Expedition. Warthin (1934) recorded some material from 1 600 ft in
the Bay of Whales, Ross Sea, and Crespin (1960) studied Foraminifera
from terraces in the Vestfold Hills and reviewed some previous work.
Some of these earlier reports went beyond questions of identification,
classification and distribution.
A much stronger ecological basis and a rather different outlook has
been apparent in more recent work, obviously influenced by the trends
of research in other areas. The workers responsible have been able to
escape very largely from the qualitative approach of the earlier works
(essential though this W ~ B a t the time) and develop a much more
quantitative approach.
Uchio (1960) studied the benthonic Foraminifera from ten samples
from Lutzow-Holm Bay (38'E). He recognized three assemblages
based on depth
1. From 350 to 850 m with the characteristic species, Angulogerina
angulosa Cushman, Epistominelh exigua (Brady ) and Ehrenbergina
glubra Heron-Allen and Earland.
2. Prom 850 to 2000m. An assemblage of Bulimina aculeata
Orbigny with a dominance of Eponides weddellemis Earland.
3. Deeper than 2 000 m. Assemblages of Eponides weddellensis and
Epistominellu exigua. The two species Haplophragmoides bradyi
(Robertson) and Bulimina rostrata Brady appeared to be restricted to
this zone.
Saidova (1961) demonstrated an increase in Foraminifera down to
about 400m. Abundant calcareous species occurred down to about
4 000 m. Species groups occurred at 150 to 500, 1 200 to 2 800, and at
3 500 to 5 000 m respectively.
A major contribution came from McKnight (1962) who reviewed
previous work on Foraminifera in the Antarctic and presented very full
quantitative data based on 28 surface core samples. From an analysis
of his results he could find no correlation between distribution and
depth, temperature, salinity, or mean grain size. Organic carbon seemed
a possible controlling mechanism especially for arenaceous species. In
some instances the spread of grain size in the sediments also appeared
to have some effect. McKnight postulated a bottom current carrying a