Adv. mar. Biot., Vol. 10, 1972, pp. 271-382
I.
11.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
IX.
X.
XI.
XII.
HABITAT SELECTION BY AQUATIC
INVERTEBRATES
P. S. MEADOWS AND J. I. CAMPBELL
Department of Zoology, University of Blasgow, Scotland
Introduction
. . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
The Physical and Chemical Environment . . .. .. .. ..
A. Intertidal Animals
. . . . .. .. .. .. ..
B. Marine Animals
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
C. Freshwater Animals . . .. . . . . .. .. ..
D. Interstitial Animals . . .. .. . . . . .. ..
Commensal and Parasitic Associations
. . .. .. .. ..
The Biological Environment . . .. .. .. .. .. ..
A. Settlement Behaviour . . . . .. .. .. .. ..
B. Gregariousness . . .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
C. Spacing Out and Aggression . . . . . . .. .. ..
D. Associations with Plants
. . . . . . . . .. ..
E. Larval Chemoreception at Settlement
. . .. . . . .
F. Habitat Selection and Micro-organisms
. . . . .. ..
G. Food Selection . . .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
H. Homing .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
I. Oviposition Preferences
. . .. . . .. .. ..
Physiology and Viability
. . .. .. .. .. .. ..
Mechanisms of Habitat Selection
. . .. .. .. .. ..
Learning, Environmental History, and Physiological State
. . ..
Individual Variation, the Colonization of New Habitats, and the Origin
of New species
. . .. .. .. .. .. . I * .
Conclusion
. . .. .. . . . . .. .. . . . .
summary..
. . . . .. .. .. .. .. . . . .
Acknowledgments
. . . . . . .. .. .. .. ..
References
. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .
27 1
273
273
280
286
294
297
302
302
304
311
314
318
319
324
328
329
330
334
340
346
355
366
360
361
I. INTRODUCTION
These
habitats are dispersed in differing patterns and at different densities
over a species’ geographical range. The present review attempts to
explain why animals are found in certain habitats and not in others,
and is restricted to a consideration of habitat selection by marine and
freshwater invertebrates as revealed by experimental analysis. There is,
of course, strong circumstantial evidence for habitat selection from field
studies on the distribution of invertebrates in relation to their habitats,
but we do not intend to review this as the literature is extensive and not
strictly pertinent to our viewpoint.
Most species are found in easily recognizable habitats.
271
I.
11.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
IX.
X.
XI.
XII.
HABITAT SELECTION BY AQUATIC
INVERTEBRATES
P. S. MEADOWS AND J. I. CAMPBELL
Department of Zoology, University of Blasgow, Scotland
Introduction
. . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
The Physical and Chemical Environment . . .. .. .. ..
A. Intertidal Animals
. . . . .. .. .. .. ..
B. Marine Animals
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
C. Freshwater Animals . . .. . . . . .. .. ..
D. Interstitial Animals . . .. .. . . . . .. ..
Commensal and Parasitic Associations
. . .. .. .. ..
The Biological Environment . . .. .. .. .. .. ..
A. Settlement Behaviour . . . . .. .. .. .. ..
B. Gregariousness . . .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
C. Spacing Out and Aggression . . . . . . .. .. ..
D. Associations with Plants
. . . . . . . . .. ..
E. Larval Chemoreception at Settlement
. . .. . . . .
F. Habitat Selection and Micro-organisms
. . . . .. ..
G. Food Selection . . .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
H. Homing .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
I. Oviposition Preferences
. . .. . . .. .. ..
Physiology and Viability
. . .. .. .. .. .. ..
Mechanisms of Habitat Selection
. . .. .. .. .. ..
Learning, Environmental History, and Physiological State
. . ..
Individual Variation, the Colonization of New Habitats, and the Origin
of New species
. . .. .. .. .. .. . I * .
Conclusion
. . .. .. . . . . .. .. . . . .
summary..
. . . . .. .. .. .. .. . . . .
Acknowledgments
. . . . . . .. .. .. .. ..
References
. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .
27 1
273
273
280
286
294
297
302
302
304
311
314
318
319
324
328
329
330
334
340
346
355
366
360
361
I. INTRODUCTION
These
habitats are dispersed in differing patterns and at different densities
over a species’ geographical range. The present review attempts to
explain why animals are found in certain habitats and not in others,
and is restricted to a consideration of habitat selection by marine and
freshwater invertebrates as revealed by experimental analysis. There is,
of course, strong circumstantial evidence for habitat selection from field
studies on the distribution of invertebrates in relation to their habitats,
but we do not intend to review this as the literature is extensive and not
strictly pertinent to our viewpoint.
Most species are found in easily recognizable habitats.
271