A"ARU'M0 BENTHOS
139
flora and Papenfuss (1964a) produced some stimulating ideas relating
to problems in taxonomy and distribution of Antarctic algae.
The algae of South Georgia have usually been treated in papers on
broader topics. The two early papers by Reinsch (1888, 1890) were
pioneer papers for the whole Antarctic. The other major contribution
to South Georgia is contained in Skottsberg's (1941) more general
account.
A general synopsis of the history of algal collecting in the Antarctic
was given by Gain (1912). Skottsberg (1964) gave a brief account of
subsequent efforts up to that date. He also attempted an analysis of the
Antarctic flora. Papenfusa' list (1964b) gives the basis for an additional
analysis but considerable data has accumulated since then, especially
as a result of diving to 30 M or so.
Skottsberg at the end of a life devoted to the study of southern
plants (1964, p. 151) restated his belief that the Antarctic Convergence
more or less separated an Antarctic from a Subantarctic algal flora.
The large brown algae Nacrocystis, Lessonia and Durvillea, so characteristic of Subantarctic Island shorelines, disappear as one moves south
together with Ulva, Bryopsis, Codium, Ectocarpus, Pylaiella, Chorderiaceae, Encoeliaceae, Sphacelariaceae, Bostrychia, Chaetangium,
Qelidium and Corallina. In their place the truly Antarctic species
develop, but never in the same luxuriance.
The most recent general account of the distribution of marine
benthic algae has been given by Neushul (1968). Using the data assembled by Papenfuss (1964b) he calculates that of the algae confined to the
Antarctic region, some 35% are endemic. Neushul distinguishes the
following distribution patterns.
1. Species found only on the Antarctic Peninsula and the South
Shetland Islands, e.g. Cystospbera ~ a c ~ u ~ n o t i ~
(Montagne) Skottsberg
(Ascoseira is also a characteristio species for the area but has also been
recorded from South Georgia).
2. Species found on the Antarctic Peninsula, the South Shetland8
Islands and north to the southern part of South America but not extending to the rest of the Antarctic Continent, e.g. Adenocystis utricularis
(Bory) Skottsberg.
3. Species found in Antarctica except for the Antarctic Peninsula,
but also in Subantarctic Islands between 50"s and SO' S, e.g. Phyllophora spp. and Plocamium spp.
4. Species which extend around the Continent but are not generally
found north of 60°S, e.g. Leptosomia simplex (A. and E. S. Gepp)
Kylin and Phyllogigas grandifolius (A. and E. S. Gepp) Skottsberg.
6. Species which similarly extend around the Continent and which
139
flora and Papenfuss (1964a) produced some stimulating ideas relating
to problems in taxonomy and distribution of Antarctic algae.
The algae of South Georgia have usually been treated in papers on
broader topics. The two early papers by Reinsch (1888, 1890) were
pioneer papers for the whole Antarctic. The other major contribution
to South Georgia is contained in Skottsberg's (1941) more general
account.
A general synopsis of the history of algal collecting in the Antarctic
was given by Gain (1912). Skottsberg (1964) gave a brief account of
subsequent efforts up to that date. He also attempted an analysis of the
Antarctic flora. Papenfusa' list (1964b) gives the basis for an additional
analysis but considerable data has accumulated since then, especially
as a result of diving to 30 M or so.
Skottsberg at the end of a life devoted to the study of southern
plants (1964, p. 151) restated his belief that the Antarctic Convergence
more or less separated an Antarctic from a Subantarctic algal flora.
The large brown algae Nacrocystis, Lessonia and Durvillea, so characteristic of Subantarctic Island shorelines, disappear as one moves south
together with Ulva, Bryopsis, Codium, Ectocarpus, Pylaiella, Chorderiaceae, Encoeliaceae, Sphacelariaceae, Bostrychia, Chaetangium,
Qelidium and Corallina. In their place the truly Antarctic species
develop, but never in the same luxuriance.
The most recent general account of the distribution of marine
benthic algae has been given by Neushul (1968). Using the data assembled by Papenfuss (1964b) he calculates that of the algae confined to the
Antarctic region, some 35% are endemic. Neushul distinguishes the
following distribution patterns.
1. Species found only on the Antarctic Peninsula and the South
Shetland Islands, e.g. Cystospbera ~ a c ~ u ~ n o t i ~
(Montagne) Skottsberg
(Ascoseira is also a characteristio species for the area but has also been
recorded from South Georgia).
2. Species found on the Antarctic Peninsula, the South Shetland8
Islands and north to the southern part of South America but not extending to the rest of the Antarctic Continent, e.g. Adenocystis utricularis
(Bory) Skottsberg.
3. Species found in Antarctica except for the Antarctic Peninsula,
but also in Subantarctic Islands between 50"s and SO' S, e.g. Phyllophora spp. and Plocamium spp.
4. Species which extend around the Continent but are not generally
found north of 60°S, e.g. Leptosomia simplex (A. and E. S. Gepp)
Kylin and Phyllogigas grandifolius (A. and E. S. Gepp) Skottsberg.
6. Species which similarly extend around the Continent and which