Adv. mar. Bid., Vol 9. 1971, pp. 255-334
UPWELL
I.
11.
111.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
IX.
NG AND THE PRODUCTION OF FISH
D. H. CUSHING
Fisheries Laboratory, Lowestoft, England
Introduction
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Physical Background
. . . . . . . . . .
The Biological Background
. . .. .. .. ..
A. The Production Cycle in an Upwelling Area
..
Description of 8 Well-known Upwelling Area
. . ..
A. The California Current System
.. .. ..
B. The System in the Gulf of Panama . . . . ..
The Upwelling area^ . . .. .. . . . . ..
A. The Width of the Upwelling Zone
. . .. ..
D. The Equatoriel System . . .. . . . . . .
E. Domes end the Eastern Boundary Currents
..
F. Minor Upwellings
. . . . . . . . . .
A. Primary Production
. . . . . . . . . .
B. The Production of Zooplenkton
. . . . . .
C. The Production at the Third Trophic Level . . ..
D. The Transfer Coefficients
. . . . . . . .
The Biology of an Upwelling Area
. . .. .. ..
B. The Part played by Nutrients in an Upwelling System
B.
C. The Indian Ocean
. . . . . . . . . .
Upwelling Areas in the Eastern Boundary Currents
The Production of Living Meterial in the Upwelling Areas
Discussion
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
References
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.. 255
.. 257
.. 264
.. 264
.. 267
.. 271
.. 271
.. 276
.. 280
.. 281
.. 284
.. 288
.. 291
.. 292
. . 293
.. 294
.. 294
.. 301
.. 306
.. 310
.. 311
.. 318
.. 326
I. INTRODUCTION
In the history of oceanography, the study of upwelling is comparatively recent. Nathansohn (1906) had suggested that a local vertical
movement in Mediterranean waters generated higher production. But
it was not until the results of the " Meteor " expedition were published
during the thirties that the physical and biological significance of upwelling was realized. Schott (1902), with the aid of vertical sections
across the continental shelf from north of the equator to the Cape of
Good Hope, described the physical mechanism of upwelling in the
Benguela current. From the " Meteor " material, Hentschel and
Wattenberg (1930) associated areas of rich production all over the
equatorial and southern Atlantic with nutrients which had risen from
below. Upwelling had been described physically before, for example by
255
UPWELL
I.
11.
111.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
IX.
NG AND THE PRODUCTION OF FISH
D. H. CUSHING
Fisheries Laboratory, Lowestoft, England
Introduction
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Physical Background
. . . . . . . . . .
The Biological Background
. . .. .. .. ..
A. The Production Cycle in an Upwelling Area
..
Description of 8 Well-known Upwelling Area
. . ..
A. The California Current System
.. .. ..
B. The System in the Gulf of Panama . . . . ..
The Upwelling area^ . . .. .. . . . . ..
A. The Width of the Upwelling Zone
. . .. ..
D. The Equatoriel System . . .. . . . . . .
E. Domes end the Eastern Boundary Currents
..
F. Minor Upwellings
. . . . . . . . . .
A. Primary Production
. . . . . . . . . .
B. The Production of Zooplenkton
. . . . . .
C. The Production at the Third Trophic Level . . ..
D. The Transfer Coefficients
. . . . . . . .
The Biology of an Upwelling Area
. . .. .. ..
B. The Part played by Nutrients in an Upwelling System
B.
C. The Indian Ocean
. . . . . . . . . .
Upwelling Areas in the Eastern Boundary Currents
The Production of Living Meterial in the Upwelling Areas
Discussion
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
References
. . . . . . .. .. .. ..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.. 255
.. 257
.. 264
.. 264
.. 267
.. 271
.. 271
.. 276
.. 280
.. 281
.. 284
.. 288
.. 291
.. 292
. . 293
.. 294
.. 294
.. 301
.. 306
.. 310
.. 311
.. 318
.. 326
I. INTRODUCTION
In the history of oceanography, the study of upwelling is comparatively recent. Nathansohn (1906) had suggested that a local vertical
movement in Mediterranean waters generated higher production. But
it was not until the results of the " Meteor " expedition were published
during the thirties that the physical and biological significance of upwelling was realized. Schott (1902), with the aid of vertical sections
across the continental shelf from north of the equator to the Cape of
Good Hope, described the physical mechanism of upwelling in the
Benguela current. From the " Meteor " material, Hentschel and
Wattenberg (1930) associated areas of rich production all over the
equatorial and southern Atlantic with nutrients which had risen from
below. Upwelling had been described physically before, for example by
255