150
C. I?. HICKLINC
water in large areas of the northern Sea of Azov and of the Aral Sea
need be no obstacle to the establishment and spread of these valuable
plant-eating fish.
In the New Territories of Hong Kong, a large acreage of fishponds
has been made in former salt marsh. They are described as brackish
water, but their maximum salinity is of the order of 3%, (Chow,
1958)) and they grow the full range of Chinese carps (including the two
mentioned above) with intensive fresh-water farming techniques.
These ponds are fresh according to most definitions, and will not be
further considered.
Similar acclimatization trials have been made with the Indian
major carps (Saha et al., 1969). The object is to find a cultivated fish
to replace or supplement the brackish-water fish such as grey mullets
which are taken into the bheris haphazardly as fry in the spring. By
careful acclimatization experiments they found that these carp would
tolerate salinities as high as 13%,. It seems doubtful if they would
go much higher, and Pillay (1954) found that the salinity of the bheri he
studied was 24-35%,. Schuster found that a carp, Puntius javanicus
(Blkr) can stand for a short while a salinity of 22%,, but that for
rational culture a salinity of S%, or less is needed.
According to Djaingsastro (1956) the salinity limits for Chanos are
0-140%,, and for grey mullets, up to 70%,. In the Black Sea, Ilin (1954)
found that the principal grey mullet there cultivated, the golden grey
mullet, Liza aurata, had a salinity range of 1-50%,. Ghazzawi (1933)
referring to Egyption conditions, gives an upper limit of 40%, for
Mugil cephalus, M . chelo, and M . capito. The most frequently cultivated
M . cephalus grows well in fresh water but can also stand high salinities.
Thomson (1966) writes that most members of the mullet family can live
in some degree of brackishness, and quotes Brunelli’s observations from
field work that the lower salinities tolerated by some species are:Liza ramada, 5%,, L. provensalis (Risso), lo%,, L. saliens (Risso), IS%,,
L. aurata, 24%,. Acclimatization rates had not been studied. There is
little knowledge of the upper limit of salinity tolerance, but Mugil
cephalus tolerates 75%,. Ganpati and Alikhuri (1952) found that Mugil
cephalus, Liza speigleri (Blkr), and Valarnugil seheli (Forsk.) fry can be
transferred direct from sea to fresh water, particularly if well supplied
with planktonic food. The 20-30% mortality which occurred, they
ascribed to damage during handling. However, Devanesan and Chacko
(1943) found that a gradual lowering of the salinity markedly reduced
the mortality of the fry.
The present writer has easily acclimatized Crenimugil labrosus
(Risso) (referred to above as Lizaprowensalis) to tap water, using one
C. I?. HICKLINC
water in large areas of the northern Sea of Azov and of the Aral Sea
need be no obstacle to the establishment and spread of these valuable
plant-eating fish.
In the New Territories of Hong Kong, a large acreage of fishponds
has been made in former salt marsh. They are described as brackish
water, but their maximum salinity is of the order of 3%, (Chow,
1958)) and they grow the full range of Chinese carps (including the two
mentioned above) with intensive fresh-water farming techniques.
These ponds are fresh according to most definitions, and will not be
further considered.
Similar acclimatization trials have been made with the Indian
major carps (Saha et al., 1969). The object is to find a cultivated fish
to replace or supplement the brackish-water fish such as grey mullets
which are taken into the bheris haphazardly as fry in the spring. By
careful acclimatization experiments they found that these carp would
tolerate salinities as high as 13%,. It seems doubtful if they would
go much higher, and Pillay (1954) found that the salinity of the bheri he
studied was 24-35%,. Schuster found that a carp, Puntius javanicus
(Blkr) can stand for a short while a salinity of 22%,, but that for
rational culture a salinity of S%, or less is needed.
According to Djaingsastro (1956) the salinity limits for Chanos are
0-140%,, and for grey mullets, up to 70%,. In the Black Sea, Ilin (1954)
found that the principal grey mullet there cultivated, the golden grey
mullet, Liza aurata, had a salinity range of 1-50%,. Ghazzawi (1933)
referring to Egyption conditions, gives an upper limit of 40%, for
Mugil cephalus, M . chelo, and M . capito. The most frequently cultivated
M . cephalus grows well in fresh water but can also stand high salinities.
Thomson (1966) writes that most members of the mullet family can live
in some degree of brackishness, and quotes Brunelli’s observations from
field work that the lower salinities tolerated by some species are:Liza ramada, 5%,, L. provensalis (Risso), lo%,, L. saliens (Risso), IS%,,
L. aurata, 24%,. Acclimatization rates had not been studied. There is
little knowledge of the upper limit of salinity tolerance, but Mugil
cephalus tolerates 75%,. Ganpati and Alikhuri (1952) found that Mugil
cephalus, Liza speigleri (Blkr), and Valarnugil seheli (Forsk.) fry can be
transferred direct from sea to fresh water, particularly if well supplied
with planktonic food. The 20-30% mortality which occurred, they
ascribed to damage during handling. However, Devanesan and Chacko
(1943) found that a gradual lowering of the salinity markedly reduced
the mortality of the fry.
The present writer has easily acclimatized Crenimugil labrosus
(Risso) (referred to above as Lizaprowensalis) to tap water, using one