Adv. mar. Biol., Vol. 8, 1970, pp. 118-213
ESTUARINE FISH FARMING
I.
11.
111.
IV.
V.
VI .
VII.
VIII.
C. F. HICKLING
London, England
Introduction . .
..
. .
.. . . ..
A. From Primitive Fish-corral to Fish Farm . .
B. Definition of Estuaries as Sites for Fish Farms
Suitability of Estuaries as Sites for Fish Farms . .
A. Their Topography
. . ..
. . ..
B. The Fertility of Estuaries
. .
.. . .
The Species Cultured . . ..
..
.. . .
A. Selection of Organisms by Salinity . . . .
B. The Natural History of the Species . .
. .
Sources of Young Fish and Prawns . .
..
..
C. Care and Rearing of Fry
. .
..
. .
B. Culture of Algal Pasture
. . ..
..
Management of Braskish-water Fishponds
..
A. Tilapia . . . .
..
..
..
..
C. Hawaiian Fishponds . . . . .. . .
D. Brackish-water ponds a t Arcachon . .
..
E. North Italian Lagoons
.. .. . .
F. Bheris of West Bengal
..
. . . .
G. Prawn Ponds of Singapore
. . .. ..
J. Chams Culture in the Philippines
. . ..
K. Fishpond Management in Japan
. . ..
L. Fish Culture in Taiwan
. . . . ..
The Rate of Fish Production
..
..
..
Profitability
. . .. . . .. .. . .
A. Non-breeding and Artificial Breeding
B. The Fish Fry and PrawnFry Industry
. .
. .
The Food of Cultivated Fish and Prawns . .
. .
A. Chams, Grey Mullet, Eels, Tilapia and Prawns
B. Russian Limans
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..
..
..
H. Fish and Prawn Culture in Paddy Fields . .
I. Chams Culture in Java
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I .
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A. Need'for a Large Pond Area . .
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B. The State of the Industry-Progress,
Stagnation. and Decline
C. Need for Long-term Credits . .
. .
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. .
IX. Is There a Future for Estuarine Fish Farming? . . .. ..
X. References
. .
.. ..
..
..
. .
.. . .
.. 119
.. 119
.. 122
. . 124
.. 124
. . 140
.. 149
.. 149
.. 151
.. 155
.. 155
.. 157
.. 159
.. 164
. . 164
. . 170
. . 178
.. 178
. . 180
.. 181
.. 182
.. 182
. . 184
.. 186
.. 188
.. 189
. . 192
. . 193
.. 194
. . 198
. . 199
.. 200
.. 201
. . 204
. . 205
.. 208
I. INTRODUCTION
A. From primitive ,fish-corral to fish farm
A comparative study of brackish-water fish culture shows all
gradations from the most primitive fish-catching devices t o advanced
culture operations, and it is difficult to say at what point capture ends
and culture begins.
For instance, stone or rock barriers to catch fish have been used
for millennia by primitive man the world over. These are just walls
of stone or rubble, usually built on a beach in the form of a semicircle
119
ESTUARINE FISH FARMING
I.
11.
111.
IV.
V.
VI .
VII.
VIII.
C. F. HICKLING
London, England
Introduction . .
..
. .
.. . . ..
A. From Primitive Fish-corral to Fish Farm . .
B. Definition of Estuaries as Sites for Fish Farms
Suitability of Estuaries as Sites for Fish Farms . .
A. Their Topography
. . ..
. . ..
B. The Fertility of Estuaries
. .
.. . .
The Species Cultured . . ..
..
.. . .
A. Selection of Organisms by Salinity . . . .
B. The Natural History of the Species . .
. .
Sources of Young Fish and Prawns . .
..
..
C. Care and Rearing of Fry
. .
..
. .
B. Culture of Algal Pasture
. . ..
..
Management of Braskish-water Fishponds
..
A. Tilapia . . . .
..
..
..
..
C. Hawaiian Fishponds . . . . .. . .
D. Brackish-water ponds a t Arcachon . .
..
E. North Italian Lagoons
.. .. . .
F. Bheris of West Bengal
..
. . . .
G. Prawn Ponds of Singapore
. . .. ..
J. Chams Culture in the Philippines
. . ..
K. Fishpond Management in Japan
. . ..
L. Fish Culture in Taiwan
. . . . ..
The Rate of Fish Production
..
..
..
Profitability
. . .. . . .. .. . .
A. Non-breeding and Artificial Breeding
B. The Fish Fry and PrawnFry Industry
. .
. .
The Food of Cultivated Fish and Prawns . .
. .
A. Chams, Grey Mullet, Eels, Tilapia and Prawns
B. Russian Limans
..
..
..
..
H. Fish and Prawn Culture in Paddy Fields . .
I. Chams Culture in Java
..
.. ..
..
..
. .
..
..
. .
. .
. .
..
..
..
. .
..
. .
. .
..
I .
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
. .
..
..
..
..
A. Need'for a Large Pond Area . .
. .
. .
..
..
. .
..
. .
..
. .
..
..
..
..
. .
. .
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
. .
..
..
. .
. .
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
. .
B. The State of the Industry-Progress,
Stagnation. and Decline
C. Need for Long-term Credits . .
. .
..
..
. .
IX. Is There a Future for Estuarine Fish Farming? . . .. ..
X. References
. .
.. ..
..
..
. .
.. . .
.. 119
.. 119
.. 122
. . 124
.. 124
. . 140
.. 149
.. 149
.. 151
.. 155
.. 155
.. 157
.. 159
.. 164
. . 164
. . 170
. . 178
.. 178
. . 180
.. 181
.. 182
.. 182
. . 184
.. 186
.. 188
.. 189
. . 192
. . 193
.. 194
. . 198
. . 199
.. 200
.. 201
. . 204
. . 205
.. 208
I. INTRODUCTION
A. From primitive ,fish-corral to fish farm
A comparative study of brackish-water fish culture shows all
gradations from the most primitive fish-catching devices t o advanced
culture operations, and it is difficult to say at what point capture ends
and culture begins.
For instance, stone or rock barriers to catch fish have been used
for millennia by primitive man the world over. These are just walls
of stone or rubble, usually built on a beach in the form of a semicircle
119