3. DISTRIBUTION AND SYNONYMY
77
1914 : 429, pl. xxvi, figs. 65-66 ; Rustad, 1934: 41-42 ; Hardy and Gunther, 1935 :
207, fig. 94 ; John, 1936 : 228-230, figs. 20-22, 28c (nee Illig, 1930 : 504-507, figs.
183-190). Peneus (?)-Zoea, Dohrn, 1871 : 375, pls. xxix-xxx, figs. 54-61 (larva).
Euphausia sp. Sars, 1885 : 170, pl. xxxi, figs. 30-31 (larva).
This is a subantarctic species occurring between about 40"s and
55"s between the regions occupied by E. spinifera to the north and
E. triacantha to the south (Fig. 25). It does not occur south of the
Antarctic Convergence but has been recorded north of the Subtropical
Convergence. Length 21-34 mm. (Hansen, 1908b ; Tattersall, 1913,
1924; Rustad, 1930; Boden, 1954; Brinton, 1962a; Baker, 1965;
Grindley and Penrith, 1965; Bannister and Baker, 1967.)
Euphausia triacantha Holt and Tattersall, 1906
E . triacantha Holt and Tattersall, 1906b : 4-5 ; Tattersall, 1908a: 12, pl. iv,
figs. 1-3; Hansen, 1913: 34, pl. v, fig. 2, a-g; Zimmer, 1914: 428; Illig, 1930:
503 ; Rustad, 1930 : 43, 54, figs. 35-37 ; 1934 : 19-25, figs. 3-7 ; Ruud, 1932 : 54;
Mackintosh, 1934; Hardy and Gunther, 1935; John, 1936: 230-233, figs. 20,
This is a circumpolar species found between about 50"s and 60" to
65"s (Fig. 25). It thus lives in the subantarctic water southwards to
the northern limits of the East Wind and Weddell Drifts, most of the
population living in areas of surface temperature between 2" and 8°C.
The southern limit of E. triacantha is approximately the northern limit
of E. superba. It lives between 250 and 750 m depth during the day,
above 250m depth a t night and grows to a length between 28 and
32 mm. (Baker, 1959.)
Genus Tessarabrachion Hansen, 1911 : 46-47
Tessarabrachion oculatum Hansen, 191 1
22-23, 28d.
T . oculata Hansen, 1911 : 47 ; T . oculatum Hansen, 1915 : 103-104, pl. iv, fig. 1,
a-m; Banner, 1950 : 32-33 ; T . oculatus Boden et al., 1955 : 362-363, fig. 39.
T . oculatum is the only species in this genus and it is confined to the
North Pacific between 53"N and about 35"N (Fig. 25). It is absent
from the oceanic region southeast of Kamchatka and does not seem to
be present in the Bering Sea except along the chain of Aleutian Islands.
This mesopelagic species has been caught at all depths sampled between
the surface and 1 000 m. Males grow up to 20 mm, females to 26 mm.
(Brinton, 1962a ; Ponomareva, 1963.)
Genus Thysanoessa Brandt, 1851 : 128
Thysanoessa spinifera Holmes, 1900
T . spinifera Holmes, 1900: 229, pl. iv, fig. 81 ; Hansen, 1911 : 38, 41 ; 1915:
90-93, pl. iii, fig. i, a-k; Banner, 1950 : 18-21, a-d ; Boden et al., 1955 : 350-352,
fig. 33.
77
1914 : 429, pl. xxvi, figs. 65-66 ; Rustad, 1934: 41-42 ; Hardy and Gunther, 1935 :
207, fig. 94 ; John, 1936 : 228-230, figs. 20-22, 28c (nee Illig, 1930 : 504-507, figs.
183-190). Peneus (?)-Zoea, Dohrn, 1871 : 375, pls. xxix-xxx, figs. 54-61 (larva).
Euphausia sp. Sars, 1885 : 170, pl. xxxi, figs. 30-31 (larva).
This is a subantarctic species occurring between about 40"s and
55"s between the regions occupied by E. spinifera to the north and
E. triacantha to the south (Fig. 25). It does not occur south of the
Antarctic Convergence but has been recorded north of the Subtropical
Convergence. Length 21-34 mm. (Hansen, 1908b ; Tattersall, 1913,
1924; Rustad, 1930; Boden, 1954; Brinton, 1962a; Baker, 1965;
Grindley and Penrith, 1965; Bannister and Baker, 1967.)
Euphausia triacantha Holt and Tattersall, 1906
E . triacantha Holt and Tattersall, 1906b : 4-5 ; Tattersall, 1908a: 12, pl. iv,
figs. 1-3; Hansen, 1913: 34, pl. v, fig. 2, a-g; Zimmer, 1914: 428; Illig, 1930:
503 ; Rustad, 1930 : 43, 54, figs. 35-37 ; 1934 : 19-25, figs. 3-7 ; Ruud, 1932 : 54;
Mackintosh, 1934; Hardy and Gunther, 1935; John, 1936: 230-233, figs. 20,
This is a circumpolar species found between about 50"s and 60" to
65"s (Fig. 25). It thus lives in the subantarctic water southwards to
the northern limits of the East Wind and Weddell Drifts, most of the
population living in areas of surface temperature between 2" and 8°C.
The southern limit of E. triacantha is approximately the northern limit
of E. superba. It lives between 250 and 750 m depth during the day,
above 250m depth a t night and grows to a length between 28 and
32 mm. (Baker, 1959.)
Genus Tessarabrachion Hansen, 1911 : 46-47
Tessarabrachion oculatum Hansen, 191 1
22-23, 28d.
T . oculata Hansen, 1911 : 47 ; T . oculatum Hansen, 1915 : 103-104, pl. iv, fig. 1,
a-m; Banner, 1950 : 32-33 ; T . oculatus Boden et al., 1955 : 362-363, fig. 39.
T . oculatum is the only species in this genus and it is confined to the
North Pacific between 53"N and about 35"N (Fig. 25). It is absent
from the oceanic region southeast of Kamchatka and does not seem to
be present in the Bering Sea except along the chain of Aleutian Islands.
This mesopelagic species has been caught at all depths sampled between
the surface and 1 000 m. Males grow up to 20 mm, females to 26 mm.
(Brinton, 1962a ; Ponomareva, 1963.)
Genus Thysanoessa Brandt, 1851 : 128
Thysanoessa spinifera Holmes, 1900
T . spinifera Holmes, 1900: 229, pl. iv, fig. 81 ; Hansen, 1911 : 38, 41 ; 1915:
90-93, pl. iii, fig. i, a-k; Banner, 1950 : 18-21, a-d ; Boden et al., 1955 : 350-352,
fig. 33.