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CONTENTS
A General Account of t h e Fauna and Flora of Mangrove Swamps
and Forests in the Indo-West-Pacific Region
WILLIAM MACNAE
I. Introduction . .
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B. Early Historical References . .
C. Indo-west-Pacific Shores
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D. Sea-shore Plant Associations. .
A. The Word “Mangrove”
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11. Zonation of Mangroves
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A. The Landward Fringe
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B. Zone of Ceriops Thickets
C. Zone of Bruguiera Forests
D. Zones of Rhizophora Forests
E. Seaward Avicennia Fringes . .
F . Sonneratia Zone
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G. Variations
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H. Mangrove Soils
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I. Control of Zonation . .
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111. Adaptations Shown by the Flora . .
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A. Adaptations to Growing in Ill-consolidated Muds. .
C. Relationship between the Mangrove Root and Shoot
B. Specializations of Stems and Leaves
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Systems
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D. Viviparity
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E. Succession
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IV. Distribution of Terrestrial Animals within the Mangal. .
A. Birds Associated with Mangals
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B. Amphibians and Reptiles
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C. Mammals
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136
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153
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157
D. Insects . . .. .. 1 . .. .. .. 157