Adw. mar. Biol., Vol. 6, 1968, pp.73-270
A GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE FAUNA AND
FLORA OF MANGROVE SWAMPS AND FORESTS
IN THE INDO-WEST-PACIFIC REGION
WILLIAM MACNAE
Department of Zoology, University of the Witwatersrand,
Johannesburg, South Africa
I. Introduction
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. .
.. 74
A.
The Word " Mangrove " ..
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. .
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.. 75
B.
Early Historical References . . . .
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..
. . 76
C.
Indo-west-Pacific Shores
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,. 77
D.
Sea-shore Plant Associations
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., 85
11. Zonation of Mangroves . . . .
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. . 89
A.
The Landward Fringe
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91
B.
Zone of Ceriops Thickets
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.. 103
C.
Zone of Bruguiera Forests . .
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.. 105
D.
Zones of Rhizophora Forests
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.. 108
E. Seaward Avicennia Fringes . . . .
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.. 112
F. Sonneratia Zone
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. .
. . 115
G.
Variations
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.. 118
H. Mangrove Soils
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.. 121
I.
Control of Zonation . . . .
..
. .
. .
. .
. . 124
111. Adaptations Shown by the Flora
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. .
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.. 136
A.
Adaptations to Growing in Ill-consolidated Muds
. . ,. 136
C.
Relationship betwccn the Mangrove Root and Shoot Systems . . 144
E.
Succession
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. .
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. . 148
B.
Specializations of Stems and Leaves
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.. 140
D.
Viviparity
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.. 145
IV. Distribution of Terrestrial Animals within the Mangal
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.. 150
A.
Birds Associated with Mangals
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.. 153
B.
Amphibians and Reptiles
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.. 156
C.
Mammals
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.. 157
D. Insects..
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.. 157
V. Distribution of Marine Animals within the Mangal . . . .
. . .. 165
A.
Vertical Zonation Affecting Tree Dwelling Animals
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165
B.
" Horizontal " Zonation through the Mangal
. . ..
,. 167
VI. Specializations Shown by the Fauna . .
..
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.. 181
B.
Insects..
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..
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..
,.
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.. 182
C.
Marine Animals
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..
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.. 184
A.
Extratropical Extensions of Mangroves and their Associated
A.
Birds, Mammals, Reptiles and Amphibians
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..
. . 181
VII. Geographical Distribution
. .
.. .. . . .. .. . . 219
B.
Biogeographical Comment . .
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.. .. 222
Fauna
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..
..
..
..
..
. . 219
73
A GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE FAUNA AND
FLORA OF MANGROVE SWAMPS AND FORESTS
IN THE INDO-WEST-PACIFIC REGION
WILLIAM MACNAE
Department of Zoology, University of the Witwatersrand,
Johannesburg, South Africa
I. Introduction
, . ..
..
..
..
..
..
. .
.. 74
A.
The Word " Mangrove " ..
. .
. .
..
..
.. 75
B.
Early Historical References . . . .
..
..
..
. . 76
C.
Indo-west-Pacific Shores
. .
..
..
..
..
,. 77
D.
Sea-shore Plant Associations
..
..
..
..
., 85
11. Zonation of Mangroves . . . .
..
..
..
..
..
. . 89
A.
The Landward Fringe
. .
..
. .
..
..
91
B.
Zone of Ceriops Thickets
. .
. .
..
..
..
.. 103
C.
Zone of Bruguiera Forests . .
. .
. .
..
. .
.. 105
D.
Zones of Rhizophora Forests
. .
..
..
..
.. 108
E. Seaward Avicennia Fringes . . . .
..
..
. .
.. 112
F. Sonneratia Zone
. .
. .
..
..
. .
. .
. . 115
G.
Variations
. .
..
..
..
. .
..
..
.. 118
H. Mangrove Soils
. .
..
. .
..
..
..
.. 121
I.
Control of Zonation . . . .
..
. .
. .
. .
. . 124
111. Adaptations Shown by the Flora
. .
. .
. .
..
..
.. 136
A.
Adaptations to Growing in Ill-consolidated Muds
. . ,. 136
C.
Relationship betwccn the Mangrove Root and Shoot Systems . . 144
E.
Succession
. .
..
..
. .
. .
..
..
. . 148
B.
Specializations of Stems and Leaves
. .
..
..
.. 140
D.
Viviparity
. .
..
..
..
..
. .
..
.. 145
IV. Distribution of Terrestrial Animals within the Mangal
. .
..
.. 150
A.
Birds Associated with Mangals
. .
..
..
. .
.. 153
B.
Amphibians and Reptiles
. .
..
..
..
..
.. 156
C.
Mammals
. .
..
..
..
. .
..
. .
.. 157
D. Insects..
..
. .
..
..
..
..
..
.. 157
V. Distribution of Marine Animals within the Mangal . . . .
. . .. 165
A.
Vertical Zonation Affecting Tree Dwelling Animals
. .
165
B.
" Horizontal " Zonation through the Mangal
. . ..
,. 167
VI. Specializations Shown by the Fauna . .
..
. .
..
..
.. 181
B.
Insects..
..
..
. .
..
,.
..
..
.. 182
C.
Marine Animals
. .
..
..
..
. .
..
.. 184
A.
Extratropical Extensions of Mangroves and their Associated
A.
Birds, Mammals, Reptiles and Amphibians
. .
..
. . 181
VII. Geographical Distribution
. .
.. .. . . .. .. . . 219
B.
Biogeographical Comment . .
..
..
..
.. .. 222
Fauna
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
. . 219
73