220
WILLIAM MACNAE
Ceriops tagal is abundant and Xylocarpus granatum is present in the
Bay of Lourengo Marques (lat. 26"s.). Rhizophora mucronata and
Bruguiera gymnorhiza reach their southern limit a t the estuary of the
Bashee river (lat. 32'5.) and Avicennia marina at the Kei river mouth
only a few miles farther south. This is the southern limit of mangroves
but elements of the fauna of the mangal reach beyond Knysna on the
south coast (Macnae, 1963).
Passing north into the Red Sca, B. gymnorhiza, C. tagal, R. mucronata and A . marina occur in the Bay of Massawa (lat. 15"N.), while
A. marina reaches the southern tip of Sinai (lat. 29"N.) (Ascherson,
1903).
I n Australia B. gymnorhiza, C. tagal, R. stylosa, Aegiceras corniculatum and Avicennia marina are common in Moreton Bay and only just
cross into New South Wales at lat. 28"s. Ae. corniculatum and A.
marina occur in Sydney's Middle Harbour. A grove of A . marinm occurs
in Western Port Bay (lat. 38"s.) near Melbourne. A . marina is widespread at the head of each of St. Vincent and Spencer Gulfs in South
Australia and reaches Adelaide flat. 35" 30's.). In the west most of
these species occur in Shark Bay (lat. 26"s.) and A . marina occurs at
Bunbury (lat. 34"s.) (Macnae, 1966). There are few suitable localities
between these two : if any occurred in the Swan river estuary they have
long since disappeared.
Oyama (1950) reports that the northern limits of mangrove swamps
in eastern Asia are the Yaeyama Islands (lat. 25"N.), RyG-Kyii
archipelago (lat. 26-27"N.) and South China (ca lat. 25"N.). A clump of
mangroves also occurs a t Ki-ire village, Kagoshima Bay, at the south
end of Kyiishii Island (lat. 35"N.) but he reports that no swamp has
developed there. Van Xteenis (1962) records that only Kandelia kandel
occurs here ; Oyama did not give the identity of the species.
I n the same paper van Steenis records that the southernmost
occurrence of any mangrove is in the North Island of New Zealand at
less than 40"s. A . marina is abundant but dwarfed in Auckland
Harbour (lat. 37"s.) (Chapman and Ronaldson, 1958).
The reasons for these limits are puzzling. For example, the
differences in climatic conditions between Inhambane and Lourenqo
Marques are not great yet they are clearly such that Xonneratia and
Heritiera do not develop around the Bay of Lourengo Marques.
The demes represented a t the extremes of distribution of Avicennia
mccrina in Africa differ in relation to temperature tolerances from those
occurring in southern Australia and New Zealand and also from thosc
in eastern Asia. Chapman and Ronaldson (1958) considered that the
New Zealand groves of A . marina were limited by the occurrence of
WILLIAM MACNAE
Ceriops tagal is abundant and Xylocarpus granatum is present in the
Bay of Lourengo Marques (lat. 26"s.). Rhizophora mucronata and
Bruguiera gymnorhiza reach their southern limit a t the estuary of the
Bashee river (lat. 32'5.) and Avicennia marina at the Kei river mouth
only a few miles farther south. This is the southern limit of mangroves
but elements of the fauna of the mangal reach beyond Knysna on the
south coast (Macnae, 1963).
Passing north into the Red Sca, B. gymnorhiza, C. tagal, R. mucronata and A . marina occur in the Bay of Massawa (lat. 15"N.), while
A. marina reaches the southern tip of Sinai (lat. 29"N.) (Ascherson,
1903).
I n Australia B. gymnorhiza, C. tagal, R. stylosa, Aegiceras corniculatum and Avicennia marina are common in Moreton Bay and only just
cross into New South Wales at lat. 28"s. Ae. corniculatum and A.
marina occur in Sydney's Middle Harbour. A grove of A . marinm occurs
in Western Port Bay (lat. 38"s.) near Melbourne. A . marina is widespread at the head of each of St. Vincent and Spencer Gulfs in South
Australia and reaches Adelaide flat. 35" 30's.). In the west most of
these species occur in Shark Bay (lat. 26"s.) and A . marina occurs at
Bunbury (lat. 34"s.) (Macnae, 1966). There are few suitable localities
between these two : if any occurred in the Swan river estuary they have
long since disappeared.
Oyama (1950) reports that the northern limits of mangrove swamps
in eastern Asia are the Yaeyama Islands (lat. 25"N.), RyG-Kyii
archipelago (lat. 26-27"N.) and South China (ca lat. 25"N.). A clump of
mangroves also occurs a t Ki-ire village, Kagoshima Bay, at the south
end of Kyiishii Island (lat. 35"N.) but he reports that no swamp has
developed there. Van Xteenis (1962) records that only Kandelia kandel
occurs here ; Oyama did not give the identity of the species.
I n the same paper van Steenis records that the southernmost
occurrence of any mangrove is in the North Island of New Zealand at
less than 40"s. A . marina is abundant but dwarfed in Auckland
Harbour (lat. 37"s.) (Chapman and Ronaldson, 1958).
The reasons for these limits are puzzling. For example, the
differences in climatic conditions between Inhambane and Lourenqo
Marques are not great yet they are clearly such that Xonneratia and
Heritiera do not develop around the Bay of Lourengo Marques.
The demes represented a t the extremes of distribution of Avicennia
mccrina in Africa differ in relation to temperature tolerances from those
occurring in southern Australia and New Zealand and also from thosc
in eastern Asia. Chapman and Ronaldson (1958) considered that the
New Zealand groves of A . marina were limited by the occurrence of