160
WILLIAM MACNAE
salty tidal pools and in fresh water ; this is a large mosquito exceeding
1 cm long. Aedes scutellaris (Walker) breeds in rot holes of avicennia
trees from South China to Australia. Culex sitiens Wiedemann, a
species widespread in the Indo-Pacific, breeds in tidal pools both in
the open and under the deep shade of the landward mangrove fringe.
Anopheles farauti Laveran, distributed from New Guinea to Australia,
breeds in shaded pools within mangrove forests ( ? a t what level), both
among roots and in more open water, as well as in sunny pools with
vegetation around them. Anopheles amictus Edwards subsp. hilli
Woodhill and Lee occurs in open, sunny, brackish pools on the mud
flats in Australia and New Guinea.
Studies on biting midges of the family Ceratopogonidae have been
made by Lee (1949), Lee and Reye (1953, 1954, 1962), Reye and Lee
(1962) and O’Gower (1960). They have shown that the following
species occur in the mangals.
Host
Culicoides immaculatus L. & R.
Man.
Man, flying fox, etc.
Man, birds, flying fox, horse, etc.
Man, birds, flying fox, etc.
subimmaculatzcs L. & R.
ornatus Taylor
molestus (Skuse)
marmoratus (Skuse)
Man, horse, etc.
mackayensis L. & R.
Birds.
magnesianus L. & It.
Birds.
Lasiohelea townscilleptsis (Taylor)
Man, etc.
All these may be found in tropical Queensland and several are more
widespread. Some hosts are listed but several seem to be indiscriminate
feeders. Breeding habits are known for some:
C. subimmaculatus breeds in the low lying estuarine zone covered by spring
tides, in the area between mangroves and dry land, often delimited by the
presence of Salicornia. C. marmoratus has been found breeding in the same
type of area. (Lee and Reye, 1962.)
They may not be limited t o such areas. Some of the others may breed
in rot holes or in the accumulations of humus in clefts on the trees.
Lee and Reye (1962) show that there is a definite correlation of
abundance of species of Culicoides with the neap tide period at various
localities as far apart as Darwin and Careel Bay (near Sydney,
N.S.W.). Other species showed no such correlation. This rhythm
suggested that the larvae may be found in the belt of shore around
mean neap levels, and, in fact, larvae of C. subimmaculatus have been
found at this level in sandy mud and apparently associated with
Mictyris longicarpus Latr., the soldier crab. Whether the association
is fortuitous or obligatory is unknown.
WILLIAM MACNAE
salty tidal pools and in fresh water ; this is a large mosquito exceeding
1 cm long. Aedes scutellaris (Walker) breeds in rot holes of avicennia
trees from South China to Australia. Culex sitiens Wiedemann, a
species widespread in the Indo-Pacific, breeds in tidal pools both in
the open and under the deep shade of the landward mangrove fringe.
Anopheles farauti Laveran, distributed from New Guinea to Australia,
breeds in shaded pools within mangrove forests ( ? a t what level), both
among roots and in more open water, as well as in sunny pools with
vegetation around them. Anopheles amictus Edwards subsp. hilli
Woodhill and Lee occurs in open, sunny, brackish pools on the mud
flats in Australia and New Guinea.
Studies on biting midges of the family Ceratopogonidae have been
made by Lee (1949), Lee and Reye (1953, 1954, 1962), Reye and Lee
(1962) and O’Gower (1960). They have shown that the following
species occur in the mangals.
Host
Culicoides immaculatus L. & R.
Man.
Man, flying fox, etc.
Man, birds, flying fox, horse, etc.
Man, birds, flying fox, etc.
subimmaculatzcs L. & R.
ornatus Taylor
molestus (Skuse)
marmoratus (Skuse)
Man, horse, etc.
mackayensis L. & R.
Birds.
magnesianus L. & It.
Birds.
Lasiohelea townscilleptsis (Taylor)
Man, etc.
All these may be found in tropical Queensland and several are more
widespread. Some hosts are listed but several seem to be indiscriminate
feeders. Breeding habits are known for some:
C. subimmaculatus breeds in the low lying estuarine zone covered by spring
tides, in the area between mangroves and dry land, often delimited by the
presence of Salicornia. C. marmoratus has been found breeding in the same
type of area. (Lee and Reye, 1962.)
They may not be limited t o such areas. Some of the others may breed
in rot holes or in the accumulations of humus in clefts on the trees.
Lee and Reye (1962) show that there is a definite correlation of
abundance of species of Culicoides with the neap tide period at various
localities as far apart as Darwin and Careel Bay (near Sydney,
N.S.W.). Other species showed no such correlation. This rhythm
suggested that the larvae may be found in the belt of shore around
mean neap levels, and, in fact, larvae of C. subimmaculatus have been
found at this level in sandy mud and apparently associated with
Mictyris longicarpus Latr., the soldier crab. Whether the association
is fortuitous or obligatory is unknown.