TABLE I. ZONATION WITHIN A MANGAL
Watson (1928)
De Haan (1931)
Dominant plant and system used in
this paper
1. On land flooded at all high tides
2 . Areas flooded by ‘‘ medium high tides ”
3. Areas flooded by normal high tides
4. Areas flooded by spring tides only
5. Areas flooded by exceptional high tides
A. Brackish t o salt water-salinity at
high tide 10-30%,
A l . Areas flooded once or twice daily
on each of 20 days per month
A2. Areas flooded 10-19 times per
month
A3. Areas flooded 9 times per month
A4. Areas flooded on only a few days in
B. Fresh to brackish water-salinity
B1. Areas more or less under the
B2. Areas seasonally flooded either by
each month
O-lO%,
influence of the tide
fresh or brackish water
k
Seaward fringe of Xonneratia alba,
or apetala or grifithii
U
Zone of Avicennia marina
r
Zone of rhizophora forest
Zone of bruguiera forests
0
Forests of the landward fringe
F
P
r
E
Xylocarpus granatum or
Lumnitzera littorea or
0
Bruguiera sexangula or
s
Mamphire association or
Barringtonia association
Nypa associat,ion
‘( Medium high tides ” seem to be those which enter the lower levels of the mangal, but they do not penetrate far.
F
t
.
3
01
‘‘ Normal high tides ” seem to be those which enter far into the mangal of the Malayan forests but do not reach H.W.M.O.S.T.