96
WILLIAM MACNAE
in Queensland. Lunznitzera littorea is only found in this zone in Queensland. L. racemosa is characteristic of this zone in eastern Africa but it
never becomes a well-grown tree.
a. The barringtonia msociations
Associations dominated by species of Barringtonia occur in two
distinct types of environment.
(i) The barringtonia asiatica association. An association with
Barringtonia asiatica (= B. speciosa L.f.) as dominant or as a very
conspicuous associate occurs behind the pes-caprae association on
sandy beaches. This is the facies described by Schimper (1891).
Although this association does not concern us here, it does in fact, often
include several trees which may occur in the ecotone of a mangal. Such
are Terminalia catappa, Thespesia populnea and Pandanus tectorius.
(ii) The barriiigtonia racemosa association (see Fig. 4). This association would seem to reach maximum development along the shores
of eastern Africa, between Kenya and Natal, and locally in southern
Java (de Haan, 1931). I n eastern Africa (personal observation) it tends
to occur on quite well drained soils behind and upstream of a mangal.
Thus it is equivalent to the nypa association of so much of South East
Asia.
I n eastern Africa the trees and bushes of B. racemosa are overgrown
by climbers such as Derris trifoliata Lour., Entada phaseoloides (L.)
Merr. Caesalpinia bonduc L. Heritiera littoralis is often co-dominant.
Hibiscus tiliaceus is conspicuous in wetter localities and Thespesia
popuknea in more sandy areas. I n the Zambezi delta Thespesiopsis
mossambica Excel1 and Hillcoat and Pandunus livingstoniana Rendle
are conspicuous. Other members of the association are indicated in
Fig. 4.
I n the Sunderbans and other deltaic forests facing the Bay of
Bengal this association is represented by forests dominated by Heritiera
littoralis and other species of this genus (Champion, 1936).
On the banks of distributaries of the Zambezi Delta the barringtonia association occurs on the levees adjoining the river, and a forest
of Bruguiera gymnorhiza occurs beyond a t only a slightly lower level.
On the banks of the Maputo river (which enters the Bay of Lourengo
Marques) above the township of Bela Vista where the river, while still
tidal, is not under marked salt-water influence, Barringtonia racemosa
occurs on the uppermost part of the banks just below high water mark.
It occurs in a pure stand and is overgrown by lianas of Entada
phaseoloides, the large bean-like seeds of which are commonly found
cast up along high tide mark on tropical and subtropical Indian Ocean
WILLIAM MACNAE
in Queensland. Lunznitzera littorea is only found in this zone in Queensland. L. racemosa is characteristic of this zone in eastern Africa but it
never becomes a well-grown tree.
a. The barringtonia msociations
Associations dominated by species of Barringtonia occur in two
distinct types of environment.
(i) The barringtonia asiatica association. An association with
Barringtonia asiatica (= B. speciosa L.f.) as dominant or as a very
conspicuous associate occurs behind the pes-caprae association on
sandy beaches. This is the facies described by Schimper (1891).
Although this association does not concern us here, it does in fact, often
include several trees which may occur in the ecotone of a mangal. Such
are Terminalia catappa, Thespesia populnea and Pandanus tectorius.
(ii) The barriiigtonia racemosa association (see Fig. 4). This association would seem to reach maximum development along the shores
of eastern Africa, between Kenya and Natal, and locally in southern
Java (de Haan, 1931). I n eastern Africa (personal observation) it tends
to occur on quite well drained soils behind and upstream of a mangal.
Thus it is equivalent to the nypa association of so much of South East
Asia.
I n eastern Africa the trees and bushes of B. racemosa are overgrown
by climbers such as Derris trifoliata Lour., Entada phaseoloides (L.)
Merr. Caesalpinia bonduc L. Heritiera littoralis is often co-dominant.
Hibiscus tiliaceus is conspicuous in wetter localities and Thespesia
popuknea in more sandy areas. I n the Zambezi delta Thespesiopsis
mossambica Excel1 and Hillcoat and Pandunus livingstoniana Rendle
are conspicuous. Other members of the association are indicated in
Fig. 4.
I n the Sunderbans and other deltaic forests facing the Bay of
Bengal this association is represented by forests dominated by Heritiera
littoralis and other species of this genus (Champion, 1936).
On the banks of distributaries of the Zambezi Delta the barringtonia association occurs on the levees adjoining the river, and a forest
of Bruguiera gymnorhiza occurs beyond a t only a slightly lower level.
On the banks of the Maputo river (which enters the Bay of Lourengo
Marques) above the township of Bela Vista where the river, while still
tidal, is not under marked salt-water influence, Barringtonia racemosa
occurs on the uppermost part of the banks just below high water mark.
It occurs in a pure stand and is overgrown by lianas of Entada
phaseoloides, the large bean-like seeds of which are commonly found
cast up along high tide mark on tropical and subtropical Indian Ocean