REVIEW O F THE SYSTEMATICS AND ECOLOGY O F OCEANIC SQUIDS
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the Indian Ocean (Chun, 1910a), the East Indies and the China Sea
(Pfeffer, 1884, 1912), the Philippines (Voss, 1963a), Japan (Sasaki,
1916, 1929a), Hawaii (Berry, 1909a), the South Seas (Pfeffer, 1912),
New South Wales (Pfeffer, 1912), and Chile (Pfeffer, 1912). Its occurrence in the Mediterranean seems doubtful (Naef, 1923). It has been
taken near the surface (Pfeffer, 1912; Adam, 1961) and most specimens
have been caught in open nets fished a t less than 500 m depth. Young
specimens are more rotund. The largest male known to the author is
15.7 cm and the largest female is 10-7 cm in mantle length (Voss, 19638).
A male has the left ventral arm hectocotylized a t a mantle length
of 4.6 cm (Ltinnberg, 1896b), but Voss (1963a) observed no spermatophores although a number of adults were a t hand.
Specimens have been recovered from clewno alalunga stomachs
(Bouxin and Legendre, 1936).
4. Liocranchia valdiviae Chun, 1906
This species has been recorded from the Indian Ocean (Chun, 1906,
1910a) and from Japan (Sasaki, 1929a) (Fig. 47). It has only been
taken in open nets fished in excess of 900 m (Sasaki, 1920).
The young of less than 1.0 cm mantle length are similar to the
adult but more globose. The largest male is 4.0 cm and the largest
female, which is mature, is 6.3 cm in mantle length.
D . Pyrgopsis
The members of this genus are characterized by a longitudinal
row of tubercles running along the mantle from the funnel-mantle
fusion on each side. Such tubercle rows also characterize Leachia and
Drechselia (Fig. 48). Pyrgopsis species have very short arms, an
elongated " rostrum " to the head and protruding eyes, all of which
are probably larval characters. It seems reasonable to assume that
Leachia and Drechselia species pass through a Pyrgopsis-like stage,
but the presence of a hectocotylus on a male of P . pacijca precludes
the possibility that all Pyrgopsis species are larval forms (Sasaki, 1929a)
and the genus will be kept separate for the present.
1. Pyrgopsis atlantica Degner 1925
Known only from the type, this was recovered from 36' 13" 9'44'W
in the North Atlantic (Degner, 1925). It was taken with 65m of wire
out which probably represented a depth of about 30 m. The mantle
length is 5.0 cm.
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the Indian Ocean (Chun, 1910a), the East Indies and the China Sea
(Pfeffer, 1884, 1912), the Philippines (Voss, 1963a), Japan (Sasaki,
1916, 1929a), Hawaii (Berry, 1909a), the South Seas (Pfeffer, 1912),
New South Wales (Pfeffer, 1912), and Chile (Pfeffer, 1912). Its occurrence in the Mediterranean seems doubtful (Naef, 1923). It has been
taken near the surface (Pfeffer, 1912; Adam, 1961) and most specimens
have been caught in open nets fished a t less than 500 m depth. Young
specimens are more rotund. The largest male known to the author is
15.7 cm and the largest female is 10-7 cm in mantle length (Voss, 19638).
A male has the left ventral arm hectocotylized a t a mantle length
of 4.6 cm (Ltinnberg, 1896b), but Voss (1963a) observed no spermatophores although a number of adults were a t hand.
Specimens have been recovered from clewno alalunga stomachs
(Bouxin and Legendre, 1936).
4. Liocranchia valdiviae Chun, 1906
This species has been recorded from the Indian Ocean (Chun, 1906,
1910a) and from Japan (Sasaki, 1929a) (Fig. 47). It has only been
taken in open nets fished in excess of 900 m (Sasaki, 1920).
The young of less than 1.0 cm mantle length are similar to the
adult but more globose. The largest male is 4.0 cm and the largest
female, which is mature, is 6.3 cm in mantle length.
D . Pyrgopsis
The members of this genus are characterized by a longitudinal
row of tubercles running along the mantle from the funnel-mantle
fusion on each side. Such tubercle rows also characterize Leachia and
Drechselia (Fig. 48). Pyrgopsis species have very short arms, an
elongated " rostrum " to the head and protruding eyes, all of which
are probably larval characters. It seems reasonable to assume that
Leachia and Drechselia species pass through a Pyrgopsis-like stage,
but the presence of a hectocotylus on a male of P . pacijca precludes
the possibility that all Pyrgopsis species are larval forms (Sasaki, 1929a)
and the genus will be kept separate for the present.
1. Pyrgopsis atlantica Degner 1925
Known only from the type, this was recovered from 36' 13" 9'44'W
in the North Atlantic (Degner, 1925). It was taken with 65m of wire
out which probably represented a depth of about 30 m. The mantle
length is 5.0 cm.