164
MALCOLM R. CLARKE
This has been collected from all oceans (Fig. 26) including the North
Atlantic (Hoyle, 1886a; 1905; Lonnberg, 1896b; Fowler, 1897; Steenstrup, 1898; Joubin, 1900, 1924; Massy, 1909, 1913, 1928a; Russell,
1909, 1922; Pfeffer, 1912; Chun, 1913; Grieg, 1922, 1924; Thiele, 1921;
Degner, 1925; Stephen, 1944; Bruun, 1945), the Mediterranean (Weiss,
1889; Jatta, 1896; Hoyle, 1905; Pfeffer, 1912; Naef, 1923; Degner,
1925; Issel, 1925b), the South Atlantic (Hoyle, 1905; Chun, 1910a;
Pfeffer, 1912; Massy, 1925), the Indian Ocean (Hoyle, 1905; Pfeffer,
1912), Hawaii (Berry, 1914a), the south-western Pacific (Hoyle, 1905;
Pfeffer, 1912; Allan, 1945) and the south-eastern Pacific (Pfeffer, 1912).
It is sometimes stated to come from all oceans from 60"N to 60"s
(Pfeffer, 1912; Stephen, 1944). Although frequently taken near the
surface over deep water (Hoyle, 1886a; Fowler, 1897; Massy, 1909,
1913, 1928a; Pfeffer, 1912; Chun, 1913; Stephen, 1944; Allan, 1945),
it has been caught in open nets down to 3 000 m (Thiele, 1921; Joubin,
1924). On the basis of 76 specimens Degner (1925) found that 58.9%
were caught at less than about 30 m (i.e. with less than 65 m of wire
out), 32.9% at about 30-150 m (i.e. with between 65 and 300 m of
wire out) and only 8.2% at more than about 150 m depth (i.e. with
more than 300 m of wire out).
During growth the arms become relatively longer, the tentacles
and head relatively longer and then shorter, the body relatively
broader and then narrower and the fin relatively longer (Fig. 27).
At first there is a pre-orbital " snout '' but this is soon lost and the
" neck '' becomes very long; this also shortens during further development. If the stages represented in Fig. 27 are really passed through in
this species they indicate a remarkable reversal in relative growth
and there seems some likelihood that more than one species is involved.
Changes in the tentacle club have been described (Naef, 1923; Degner,
1925), but few specimens have been sexed so that the size at the onset
of sexual maturity is not known. The largest recorded specimen has
a mantle length of 3.35 cm (Degner, 1925).
In the North Atlantic very young stages have been caught from
May to August (Massy, 1909; Degner, 1925) and in February (Massy,
1909); in the Mediterranean from April to July, September, December
and February (Degner, 1925); and off east Australia in May, June,
September, October and November. Thus, hatching appears to take
place throughout the year as far as the data available indicate.
2. Bruchioteuthis beani Verrill, 1881a
This has been recorded from eastern North America from Massachusetts toNorthCarolina (Verrill, 1881s; Johnson, 1934). It has been taken
MALCOLM R. CLARKE
This has been collected from all oceans (Fig. 26) including the North
Atlantic (Hoyle, 1886a; 1905; Lonnberg, 1896b; Fowler, 1897; Steenstrup, 1898; Joubin, 1900, 1924; Massy, 1909, 1913, 1928a; Russell,
1909, 1922; Pfeffer, 1912; Chun, 1913; Grieg, 1922, 1924; Thiele, 1921;
Degner, 1925; Stephen, 1944; Bruun, 1945), the Mediterranean (Weiss,
1889; Jatta, 1896; Hoyle, 1905; Pfeffer, 1912; Naef, 1923; Degner,
1925; Issel, 1925b), the South Atlantic (Hoyle, 1905; Chun, 1910a;
Pfeffer, 1912; Massy, 1925), the Indian Ocean (Hoyle, 1905; Pfeffer,
1912), Hawaii (Berry, 1914a), the south-western Pacific (Hoyle, 1905;
Pfeffer, 1912; Allan, 1945) and the south-eastern Pacific (Pfeffer, 1912).
It is sometimes stated to come from all oceans from 60"N to 60"s
(Pfeffer, 1912; Stephen, 1944). Although frequently taken near the
surface over deep water (Hoyle, 1886a; Fowler, 1897; Massy, 1909,
1913, 1928a; Pfeffer, 1912; Chun, 1913; Stephen, 1944; Allan, 1945),
it has been caught in open nets down to 3 000 m (Thiele, 1921; Joubin,
1924). On the basis of 76 specimens Degner (1925) found that 58.9%
were caught at less than about 30 m (i.e. with less than 65 m of wire
out), 32.9% at about 30-150 m (i.e. with between 65 and 300 m of
wire out) and only 8.2% at more than about 150 m depth (i.e. with
more than 300 m of wire out).
During growth the arms become relatively longer, the tentacles
and head relatively longer and then shorter, the body relatively
broader and then narrower and the fin relatively longer (Fig. 27).
At first there is a pre-orbital " snout '' but this is soon lost and the
" neck '' becomes very long; this also shortens during further development. If the stages represented in Fig. 27 are really passed through in
this species they indicate a remarkable reversal in relative growth
and there seems some likelihood that more than one species is involved.
Changes in the tentacle club have been described (Naef, 1923; Degner,
1925), but few specimens have been sexed so that the size at the onset
of sexual maturity is not known. The largest recorded specimen has
a mantle length of 3.35 cm (Degner, 1925).
In the North Atlantic very young stages have been caught from
May to August (Massy, 1909; Degner, 1925) and in February (Massy,
1909); in the Mediterranean from April to July, September, December
and February (Degner, 1925); and off east Australia in May, June,
September, October and November. Thus, hatching appears to take
place throughout the year as far as the data available indicate.
2. Bruchioteuthis beani Verrill, 1881a
This has been recorded from eastern North America from Massachusetts toNorthCarolina (Verrill, 1881s; Johnson, 1934). It has been taken