164
MALCOLM R. ULARKE
1893, Friele and Grieg, 1901), the Faroes (Mdrch, 1867, 1868; Russell,
1922), Spitzbergen (Soot-Ryen, 1925), into the Barents Sea (Grimpe,
1933) and off the Norwegian Coast (Sars, 1878; Ldnnberg, 1891;
Pfeffer, 1908b; Murray and Hjort, 1912; Grieg, 1933a,b; Nesis, 1965).
On the European side of the North Atlantic it is found on the western
side of the British Isles (Massy, 1907, 1909, 1913, 1928a; Degner, 1925;
Grimpe, 1927) and in the Bay of Biscay (Joubin and Roule, 1918;
Degner, 1925). There are records from the Mediterranean at Toulon
(Joubin, 1893a) and Nice (Steenstrup, 1880; Joubin, 1893s) but Carus
(1890) questioned the identity of some of these. Later it was recorded
in the eastern Mediterranean (Degner, 1925) but the specimen in
question was the smallest in Degner's collection, with a mantle length
of only 0.5 cm and at this size a misidentification seems quite possible;
its presence in the Mediterranean needs confirnation. In the Pacific it
is found in the Bering Sea (Dall, 1884, 1886, 1899; Sasaki, 1929a) near
the Commander Islands (Sasaki, 19298) and the Aleutians (Sasaki,
1929a); in the western North Pacific it occurs to the east of Kamtschatka and in the Okhotsk Sea (Middendorff, 1849; Sasaki, 1920, 1929a) off
the Kuril Islands (Beteshava and Akimushkin, 1955; Akimushkin,
1956a) and off North Japan (Steenstrup, 1881, 1882; Sasaki, 1916,
1929a). To the east of the Aleutians it occurs in the Gulf of Alaska
(Sasaki, 1929a; Okutani and Nemoto, 1964), off British Columbia
(Pike, 1950; Schubert, 1955) off Oregon (Pearcy, 1965) and south to
California (Berry, 1912d; Rice, 1963).
Thus, although there are no records from the Arctic basin and
Nesis (1966) found no evidence for their presence farther east than the
western limit of the Barents Sea; the high latitude records in the
Norwegian Sea and the Davis Strait suggest that the distribution
is possibly continuous between the Pacific and Atlantic. All but the
Mediterranean records lie to the north of the 19°C August isotherm.
Nesis (1965) found that young stages were present in water at 0.1-7.36"C
and that they were most numerous in water a t 5-7°C. No larvae have
beep found in Baffin Bay (Muus, 1962) and there are few in the cold
waters of West Greenland compared with the central Labrador region
(Nesis, 1966). In the Norwegian Sea, Nesis (1965) recorded it from
10% of hauls compared with 66% of hauls off Greenland.
Larvae are abundant in the upper layers (Muus, 1962; Pearcy,
1965) and, in considering young between 0-6-8.0 cm in mantle length,
Degner (1925) found that 36%, representing 3 per haul, were caught at
less than 30 m (65 m of wire out), 69% representing 6 per haul at 30160 m (65-300 m of wire out) and only 6% representing 1 per haul a t
more than 160 m (more than 300 m of wire out). Grimpe (1933) believed
MALCOLM R. ULARKE
1893, Friele and Grieg, 1901), the Faroes (Mdrch, 1867, 1868; Russell,
1922), Spitzbergen (Soot-Ryen, 1925), into the Barents Sea (Grimpe,
1933) and off the Norwegian Coast (Sars, 1878; Ldnnberg, 1891;
Pfeffer, 1908b; Murray and Hjort, 1912; Grieg, 1933a,b; Nesis, 1965).
On the European side of the North Atlantic it is found on the western
side of the British Isles (Massy, 1907, 1909, 1913, 1928a; Degner, 1925;
Grimpe, 1927) and in the Bay of Biscay (Joubin and Roule, 1918;
Degner, 1925). There are records from the Mediterranean at Toulon
(Joubin, 1893a) and Nice (Steenstrup, 1880; Joubin, 1893s) but Carus
(1890) questioned the identity of some of these. Later it was recorded
in the eastern Mediterranean (Degner, 1925) but the specimen in
question was the smallest in Degner's collection, with a mantle length
of only 0.5 cm and at this size a misidentification seems quite possible;
its presence in the Mediterranean needs confirnation. In the Pacific it
is found in the Bering Sea (Dall, 1884, 1886, 1899; Sasaki, 1929a) near
the Commander Islands (Sasaki, 19298) and the Aleutians (Sasaki,
1929a); in the western North Pacific it occurs to the east of Kamtschatka and in the Okhotsk Sea (Middendorff, 1849; Sasaki, 1920, 1929a) off
the Kuril Islands (Beteshava and Akimushkin, 1955; Akimushkin,
1956a) and off North Japan (Steenstrup, 1881, 1882; Sasaki, 1916,
1929a). To the east of the Aleutians it occurs in the Gulf of Alaska
(Sasaki, 1929a; Okutani and Nemoto, 1964), off British Columbia
(Pike, 1950; Schubert, 1955) off Oregon (Pearcy, 1965) and south to
California (Berry, 1912d; Rice, 1963).
Thus, although there are no records from the Arctic basin and
Nesis (1966) found no evidence for their presence farther east than the
western limit of the Barents Sea; the high latitude records in the
Norwegian Sea and the Davis Strait suggest that the distribution
is possibly continuous between the Pacific and Atlantic. All but the
Mediterranean records lie to the north of the 19°C August isotherm.
Nesis (1965) found that young stages were present in water at 0.1-7.36"C
and that they were most numerous in water a t 5-7°C. No larvae have
beep found in Baffin Bay (Muus, 1962) and there are few in the cold
waters of West Greenland compared with the central Labrador region
(Nesis, 1966). In the Norwegian Sea, Nesis (1965) recorded it from
10% of hauls compared with 66% of hauls off Greenland.
Larvae are abundant in the upper layers (Muus, 1962; Pearcy,
1965) and, in considering young between 0-6-8.0 cm in mantle length,
Degner (1925) found that 36%, representing 3 per haul, were caught at
less than 30 m (65 m of wire out), 69% representing 6 per haul at 30160 m (65-300 m of wire out) and only 6% representing 1 per haul a t
more than 160 m (more than 300 m of wire out). Grimpe (1933) believed