Adv. mar. Bid.. Vol. 4, 1866, pp. 1-89
I.
11.
111.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
Ix.
x.
XI.
XII.
XIII.
DISEASES OF MARINE FISHES
CARL J. SINDERMANN
U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Biological Laboratory,
Oxford, Marylund, U.S.A.
" One of the most serious gaps in our knowledge of marine ecology
is the study of diseases . . . epidemics are common occurrences
in marine environments. . . . They may be en important cause
of fluctuations, and should therefore have a prominent place in
research programs."
Lionel A. Walford, " Living Resources of the Sea ' *,
Ronald Press Company, 1958, p. 147.
Introduction
. . .. .. . . . . . .
Microbial Diseases
. . .. .. . . . .
A. Viruses .. .. .. .. .. ..
B. Bacteria
.. .. .. .. ..
D. Protozoa
..
.. .. .. ..
Other Parasitic Diseases
. . .. .. ..
A. Helminths
. .
. .
.. .. ..
B. Parasitic Copepods
. . .. .. ..
Genetic and Environmentally Induced Abnormalities
Effects of Disease
. . .. .. ..
..
A. Epizootics and Mass Mortalities
. . ..
B. " Background " Effects
. . .. ..
C. Economic Effects
. .
.. .. ..
Variations in Disease Prevalence
. . .. ..
A. Geographic Variations
..
..
..
B. Temporal Variations . .
.. .. ..
C. Age Effects
. . .. .. .. ..
Immunity
. . .. .. .. .. ..
Diseases in Marine Aquaria . . ..
.. ..
Relationship of Fish Diseases to Human Diseases . .
Future Studies of Marine Fish Diseases
. . ..
Summary
.. .. .. .. .. ..
References
. . .. .. .. .. ..
Acknowledgments
. . .. .. .. ..
C. Fungi . . .. ..
.. .. ..
I. INTRODUCTION
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1
4
4
8
13
16
24
24
32
35
40
40
44
46
41
41
50
51
52
56
59
60
63
65
89
Research commitment to the study of marine fish diseases has been
until recently sporadic and inadequate. Although knowledge of freshwater fish diseases has proliferated, especially in hatcheries, little
incentive has existed for comparable investment in Understanding the
ills of marine species. The vastness of the oceans, the complexity of
natural factors regulating the size of fish populations, and the lack of
1
I.
11.
111.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
Ix.
x.
XI.
XII.
XIII.
DISEASES OF MARINE FISHES
CARL J. SINDERMANN
U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Biological Laboratory,
Oxford, Marylund, U.S.A.
" One of the most serious gaps in our knowledge of marine ecology
is the study of diseases . . . epidemics are common occurrences
in marine environments. . . . They may be en important cause
of fluctuations, and should therefore have a prominent place in
research programs."
Lionel A. Walford, " Living Resources of the Sea ' *,
Ronald Press Company, 1958, p. 147.
Introduction
. . .. .. . . . . . .
Microbial Diseases
. . .. .. . . . .
A. Viruses .. .. .. .. .. ..
B. Bacteria
.. .. .. .. ..
D. Protozoa
..
.. .. .. ..
Other Parasitic Diseases
. . .. .. ..
A. Helminths
. .
. .
.. .. ..
B. Parasitic Copepods
. . .. .. ..
Genetic and Environmentally Induced Abnormalities
Effects of Disease
. . .. .. ..
..
A. Epizootics and Mass Mortalities
. . ..
B. " Background " Effects
. . .. ..
C. Economic Effects
. .
.. .. ..
Variations in Disease Prevalence
. . .. ..
A. Geographic Variations
..
..
..
B. Temporal Variations . .
.. .. ..
C. Age Effects
. . .. .. .. ..
Immunity
. . .. .. .. .. ..
Diseases in Marine Aquaria . . ..
.. ..
Relationship of Fish Diseases to Human Diseases . .
Future Studies of Marine Fish Diseases
. . ..
Summary
.. .. .. .. .. ..
References
. . .. .. .. .. ..
Acknowledgments
. . .. .. .. ..
C. Fungi . . .. ..
.. .. ..
I. INTRODUCTION
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
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. .
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. .
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. .
. .
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..
..
1
4
4
8
13
16
24
24
32
35
40
40
44
46
41
41
50
51
52
56
59
60
63
65
89
Research commitment to the study of marine fish diseases has been
until recently sporadic and inadequate. Although knowledge of freshwater fish diseases has proliferated, especially in hatcheries, little
incentive has existed for comparable investment in Understanding the
ills of marine species. The vastness of the oceans, the complexity of
natural factors regulating the size of fish populations, and the lack of
1