LEARNING BY MARINE INVERTEBRATES
61
Wells, M. J. (1965a). The vertical lobe and touch learning in the octopus. J. ezp.
Wells, M. J. (196513). Learning and movement in Octopus. Symposium on “ Learning and associated phenomena in Invertebrates ”. Anim. Belmv. (In press.)
Wells, M. J. and Wells, J. (1956). Tactile discrimination and the behaviour of
blind Octopus. Pubbl. Staz. zool. Napoli, 28, 94-126.
Wells, M. J. and Wells, J. (1957). The function of the brain of Octopus in tactile
discrimination. J. exp. Biol. 34, 131-42.
Wilson, D. P. (1949). Notes from the Plymouth aquarium. J. mar. biol. A M .
Yentsch, C . S. and Pierce, D. C. (1955). A “ swimming ” anemone from Puget
Sound. Science, 122, 1231-3.
Yerkes, A. W. (1906). Modifiability of behaviour in Hydroidea dianthus. J. comp.
Neurol. 16,441-50.
Young, J. Z. (1958). Responses of untrained octopuses to various figures and the
effect of removal of the vertical lobe. Proc. roy. SOC. B , 149, 463-83
Young, J. Z. (1960a). Regularities in the retina and optic lobes of Octopw in
relation to form discrimination. Nature, Lo&. 186, 836-45.
Young, J. Z. (1960b). The failures of discrimination learning following the removal of the vertical lobes in Octopus. Proc. roy. SOC. B, 153, 18-46.
Young, J. Z. (1961). Learning and discrimination in the octopus. Biol. Rev.
36, 32-96.
Young, J. Z. (1962). The retina of cephalopods and its degeneration after optic
nerve section. Phil. Tram. B, 245, 1-18.
Young, J. Z. (1963a). The number and sizes of nerve cells in Octopw. Proc.
Young, J. Z. (1963b). Light- and dark-adaptation in the eyes of some cephalopods. Proc. zool. SOC. Lo&. 140, 255-71.
Young, J. Z. (1963~). Some essentials of neural memory systems. Paired centres
that regulate and address the signals of the results of action. Nature, Lond.
Young, J. Z. (1964a). Paired centres for the control of attack by Octopus. Proc.
Young, J. Z. (1964b). “ A Model of the Brain.” 348 pp. Oxford University Press.
Biol. 42, 233-55.
U.K. 29,345-51.
2001. SOC. Lond. 140, 229-54.
198, 626-30.
TOY. SOC. B, 159, 565-88.
ADDENDUM
The electrophysiology of molluscan learning has been approached
with Aplysia, which has the advantage of giant nerve cells and the
disadvantage that it is a comparatively inactive animal. Recording
from the giant cell on the right side of the abdominal ganglia, Hughes
and Tauc (1963) recorded a fall in response that paralleled the decline
in the whole animal’s response to prodding. Similar reductions in the
size of the synaptic potential were found in response to electrical
stimulation of the left and right giant cells, the fall (of the order of
50%) being very marked even between the first and second shocks
(Hughes, 1965). Further studies (Bruner and Tauc, unpublished) are in
progress to determine the site of the habituation process.
61
Wells, M. J. (1965a). The vertical lobe and touch learning in the octopus. J. ezp.
Wells, M. J. (196513). Learning and movement in Octopus. Symposium on “ Learning and associated phenomena in Invertebrates ”. Anim. Belmv. (In press.)
Wells, M. J. and Wells, J. (1956). Tactile discrimination and the behaviour of
blind Octopus. Pubbl. Staz. zool. Napoli, 28, 94-126.
Wells, M. J. and Wells, J. (1957). The function of the brain of Octopus in tactile
discrimination. J. exp. Biol. 34, 131-42.
Wilson, D. P. (1949). Notes from the Plymouth aquarium. J. mar. biol. A M .
Yentsch, C . S. and Pierce, D. C. (1955). A “ swimming ” anemone from Puget
Sound. Science, 122, 1231-3.
Yerkes, A. W. (1906). Modifiability of behaviour in Hydroidea dianthus. J. comp.
Neurol. 16,441-50.
Young, J. Z. (1958). Responses of untrained octopuses to various figures and the
effect of removal of the vertical lobe. Proc. roy. SOC. B , 149, 463-83
Young, J. Z. (1960a). Regularities in the retina and optic lobes of Octopw in
relation to form discrimination. Nature, Lo&. 186, 836-45.
Young, J. Z. (1960b). The failures of discrimination learning following the removal of the vertical lobes in Octopus. Proc. roy. SOC. B, 153, 18-46.
Young, J. Z. (1961). Learning and discrimination in the octopus. Biol. Rev.
36, 32-96.
Young, J. Z. (1962). The retina of cephalopods and its degeneration after optic
nerve section. Phil. Tram. B, 245, 1-18.
Young, J. Z. (1963a). The number and sizes of nerve cells in Octopw. Proc.
Young, J. Z. (1963b). Light- and dark-adaptation in the eyes of some cephalopods. Proc. zool. SOC. Lo&. 140, 255-71.
Young, J. Z. (1963~). Some essentials of neural memory systems. Paired centres
that regulate and address the signals of the results of action. Nature, Lond.
Young, J. Z. (1964a). Paired centres for the control of attack by Octopus. Proc.
Young, J. Z. (1964b). “ A Model of the Brain.” 348 pp. Oxford University Press.
Biol. 42, 233-55.
U.K. 29,345-51.
2001. SOC. Lond. 140, 229-54.
198, 626-30.
TOY. SOC. B, 159, 565-88.
ADDENDUM
The electrophysiology of molluscan learning has been approached
with Aplysia, which has the advantage of giant nerve cells and the
disadvantage that it is a comparatively inactive animal. Recording
from the giant cell on the right side of the abdominal ganglia, Hughes
and Tauc (1963) recorded a fall in response that paralleled the decline
in the whole animal’s response to prodding. Similar reductions in the
size of the synaptic potential were found in response to electrical
stimulation of the left and right giant cells, the fall (of the order of
50%) being very marked even between the first and second shocks
(Hughes, 1965). Further studies (Bruner and Tauc, unpublished) are in
progress to determine the site of the habituation process.