Adv. mar. Biol., Vol. 3, 1965, pp. 105-253
ASPECTS OF THE BIOLOGY OF THE SEAWEEDS
OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
A. D. BONEY
Department of Botany, University College of Wales, Aberystwyth
I.
11.
111.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
WI.
IX.
X.
XI.
XII.
Introduction . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Terminology used in work with Seaweeds of Economic Importance
The Seaweeds of Economic Importance
. . .. .. .. ..
A. Terminology Associated with the Plants . . .. .. ..
B. Terminology Associated with the Extractives . . .. ..
A. Survey Methods
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Seaweed Resources
. . .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
B. Summary of Some Data on Standing Crops obtained by Direct
Measurements
. . .. .. .. .. .. ..
C. Summary of Data Concerning the Quantities of Harvested
Seaweed
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Life Histories and Seasonal Ecology of the Seaweeds of Economic
Importance. . . . .. .. .. .. .. ..
A. Chlorophyceae
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
B. Phaeophyceae
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
C. Rhodophyceae
..
.. .. .. .. .. ..
A. Brown Algae : the Laminariales
. .
.. .. .. ..
B. Brown Algae : the Fucctles . . .. .. .. .. ..
C. RedAlgae
.. ..
..
.. .. .. .. ..
Techniques Used in Harvesting Seaweed . .
.. .. .. ..
Weeding..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Seaweeds aa Food and Manures
. . .. .. .. .. ..
A. Seaweeds as Human Food . . .. .. .. .. ..
B. Seaweed as Animal Fodder . . .. .. .. .. ..
C. Manurial Value of Seaweeds
.. .. .. . . . .
Factors Iduencing the Seaweed Crop
. . .. .. .. ..
A. Diseases of Economically Important Seaweeds . . .. ..
B. Effects of Various Contaminants on Seaweeds . . .. ..
C. Browsing by Animals
. . .. .. .. .. ..
Conclusions
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
References
. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Quantitative Changes in Seaweed Extractives and Other Constituents
Due to Season and Environment
.. .. .. ..
106
107
110
110
111
114
114
116
128
133
133
136
163
200
201
206
209
210
212
213
213
215
216
218
218
220
223
224
227
I. INTRODUCTION
In this review use of the term " seaweed " will be restricted to the
macroscopic marine algae found at different levels between the tide
marks end in sublittoral habitats. Members of three classes of algae are
mainly involved (e.g. the Chlorophyceae, Phaeophyceae and Rhodophyceae), and the representatives grow attached to rocky substrata,
are found as epiphytes, and are sometimes " rooted " in the sand;
A. M.B.-3
105
c
ASPECTS OF THE BIOLOGY OF THE SEAWEEDS
OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
A. D. BONEY
Department of Botany, University College of Wales, Aberystwyth
I.
11.
111.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
WI.
IX.
X.
XI.
XII.
Introduction . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Terminology used in work with Seaweeds of Economic Importance
The Seaweeds of Economic Importance
. . .. .. .. ..
A. Terminology Associated with the Plants . . .. .. ..
B. Terminology Associated with the Extractives . . .. ..
A. Survey Methods
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Seaweed Resources
. . .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
B. Summary of Some Data on Standing Crops obtained by Direct
Measurements
. . .. .. .. .. .. ..
C. Summary of Data Concerning the Quantities of Harvested
Seaweed
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Life Histories and Seasonal Ecology of the Seaweeds of Economic
Importance. . . . .. .. .. .. .. ..
A. Chlorophyceae
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
B. Phaeophyceae
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
C. Rhodophyceae
..
.. .. .. .. .. ..
A. Brown Algae : the Laminariales
. .
.. .. .. ..
B. Brown Algae : the Fucctles . . .. .. .. .. ..
C. RedAlgae
.. ..
..
.. .. .. .. ..
Techniques Used in Harvesting Seaweed . .
.. .. .. ..
Weeding..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Seaweeds aa Food and Manures
. . .. .. .. .. ..
A. Seaweeds as Human Food . . .. .. .. .. ..
B. Seaweed as Animal Fodder . . .. .. .. .. ..
C. Manurial Value of Seaweeds
.. .. .. . . . .
Factors Iduencing the Seaweed Crop
. . .. .. .. ..
A. Diseases of Economically Important Seaweeds . . .. ..
B. Effects of Various Contaminants on Seaweeds . . .. ..
C. Browsing by Animals
. . .. .. .. .. ..
Conclusions
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
References
. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Quantitative Changes in Seaweed Extractives and Other Constituents
Due to Season and Environment
.. .. .. ..
106
107
110
110
111
114
114
116
128
133
133
136
163
200
201
206
209
210
212
213
213
215
216
218
218
220
223
224
227
I. INTRODUCTION
In this review use of the term " seaweed " will be restricted to the
macroscopic marine algae found at different levels between the tide
marks end in sublittoral habitats. Members of three classes of algae are
mainly involved (e.g. the Chlorophyceae, Phaeophyceae and Rhodophyceae), and the representatives grow attached to rocky substrata,
are found as epiphytes, and are sometimes " rooted " in the sand;
A. M.B.-3
105
c