94
JOHN E. GUSHING
blood group data alone can only occur if additional data reveal significant differences in the phcnotypo frequencies concerned or disclose
new phenotypes, the frequencies of which do differ. In other words,
data on the frequencies of phenotypes can show with a high degree of
certainty that the samples involved are from isolated subpopulations,
but cannot show with certainty that the samples are from the same
subpopulation. I n practice, of course, all available information, such
aa that obtained from morphometrics, tags, scales, parasites, behavior
and ecology is considered in making an overall evaluation of the
homogeneity of the populations being studied. The possibility that
in 8ome instances one may be dealing with samples from mixed populations must be evaluated with the aid of additional information, such
as whether or not the samples were taken in known breeding areas.
B. Initial research
The phenomenon of erythrocyte agglutination was discovered
early in the history of immunology, and the species-specific reactions
of these cells were known to Landsteiner when he initiated blood
group research by demonstrating the human blood groups in 1900.
Blood groups in a domestic animal, the goat, were found in the same
year by Ehrlich and Morgenroth (1900), and it is generally known
how the two lines of investigations stemming from these studies have
evolved into the complex discipline that is represented today by the
texts and papers cited throughout this review.
The erythrocyte antigens of cold-blooded vertebrates were studied
by Noguchi (1903a, b) who showed that certain turtles varied intraspecifically with respect to red cell antigens, and that the sera of some
8peCieS of fish agglutinated the erythrocytes of other species. In spite
of this, fish erythrocyte antigens appear to have received a low priority
in blood group research for a long time, only two reports known to the
author having been made between that of Noguchi and the discovery
of isoagglutination in the Japanese eel (AnguiUa j a p i c u Temminck 8E
Schlegel) and in the Kurodai (Sparus suvinhoni8 Giinther) by Suyehiro
in 1949. These reports concerned the negative results of searches for
blood types in carp (Cyprinus carpo L.) by Toth (1932) and in cod
(Qdw cullarias L.) by Jensen (1937). Suyehiro's work covered a wide
variety of species, and also showed individual variations within some
epecies with respect to the reactions of their cells with human typing
wra for the ABO system. His studies received belated recognition
outside of Japan as they were published in Japanese. His paper
includes a review of earlier Japanese literature showing that no other
reports of intrmpecific variations were made.
JOHN E. GUSHING
blood group data alone can only occur if additional data reveal significant differences in the phcnotypo frequencies concerned or disclose
new phenotypes, the frequencies of which do differ. In other words,
data on the frequencies of phenotypes can show with a high degree of
certainty that the samples involved are from isolated subpopulations,
but cannot show with certainty that the samples are from the same
subpopulation. I n practice, of course, all available information, such
aa that obtained from morphometrics, tags, scales, parasites, behavior
and ecology is considered in making an overall evaluation of the
homogeneity of the populations being studied. The possibility that
in 8ome instances one may be dealing with samples from mixed populations must be evaluated with the aid of additional information, such
as whether or not the samples were taken in known breeding areas.
B. Initial research
The phenomenon of erythrocyte agglutination was discovered
early in the history of immunology, and the species-specific reactions
of these cells were known to Landsteiner when he initiated blood
group research by demonstrating the human blood groups in 1900.
Blood groups in a domestic animal, the goat, were found in the same
year by Ehrlich and Morgenroth (1900), and it is generally known
how the two lines of investigations stemming from these studies have
evolved into the complex discipline that is represented today by the
texts and papers cited throughout this review.
The erythrocyte antigens of cold-blooded vertebrates were studied
by Noguchi (1903a, b) who showed that certain turtles varied intraspecifically with respect to red cell antigens, and that the sera of some
8peCieS of fish agglutinated the erythrocytes of other species. In spite
of this, fish erythrocyte antigens appear to have received a low priority
in blood group research for a long time, only two reports known to the
author having been made between that of Noguchi and the discovery
of isoagglutination in the Japanese eel (AnguiUa j a p i c u Temminck 8E
Schlegel) and in the Kurodai (Sparus suvinhoni8 Giinther) by Suyehiro
in 1949. These reports concerned the negative results of searches for
blood types in carp (Cyprinus carpo L.) by Toth (1932) and in cod
(Qdw cullarias L.) by Jensen (1937). Suyehiro's work covered a wide
variety of species, and also showed individual variations within some
epecies with respect to the reactions of their cells with human typing
wra for the ABO system. His studies received belated recognition
outside of Japan as they were published in Japanese. His paper
includes a review of earlier Japanese literature showing that no other
reports of intrmpecific variations were made.