92
JOHN E. CUSHINO
the dogfish by Sindermann and Mairs (Isel), Sindermann (1963a), and
for the finback whale by Fujino (1960, 1962, 1963). These data, while
not in any case extensive, show that the antigens concerned behave
as would be predicted from genetic studies. Second, populations in
various species have been found to maintain characteristic phenotype
frequencies in samples taken a year or longer apart. Third, blood group
systems resembling the human ABO system and its isoantibodies have
been shown in the freshwater brown bullhead (Cushing and Durall,
1967) and more recently in tunas (Suzuki et al., 1968, 1959; Sprague
et al., 1962) and in the dogfish (Sindermann and Mairs, loc. cit.). Fourth,
antigens with specificities akin to those of the human A, B and Forssman antigens are found in a variety of marine forms including whales,
fur seds, several kinds of fishes, and some invertebrates.
Fifth, while most of the antigens referred to in point €our appear
to be '' species-specific" in that they are found in all individuals
examined in species where they occur, it is to be anticipated, from
such studies as those of Stormont and Suzuki on the Forssman antigen
(1958), and those on the rhesus (Rh) and other primate antigens
(Wiener and Moor-Jankowski, 1963), that individual variations will
be found among them in some species. This has already proven to be
the case with respect to a blood factor in the California bonito that is
very close in its specificity to the A, blood factor recognized in humans
by Dolichos bi$om's lectin (Vann, Section 111, C, 6). Sixth, the occurrence of serum isoantibodies and natural antibodies is commonplace
throughout the vertebrates and the reactions of these antibodies are
the same, excepting for details in specificity, as those associated with
known genetic systems. Seventh, some investigations (reported below)
have demonstrated phenotypic relationships that conform f o HardyWeinberg criteria derived from postulated relationships between the
phenotypes and the genetic mechanisms controlling them.
The above considerations show that it would be unreasonable to
m u m e that the blood group phenotypes of marine animals are not
oontrolled by the same kind of genetic mechanisms that are already
known in other forms. This conclusion continues to be supported by
the demonstrated value of genetic interpretations as guiding the
research to be covered below. It does not follow, of course, that new
phenomena will not be found, or that unusual deviations are not to be
tmnticipated.
This section may be appropriately concluded by noting that
Gordon (1947), using pattern variations, was the first to show that
reproductively isolated populations within the same species of fish
differ with respect to tbe frequencies of their genes.
JOHN E. CUSHINO
the dogfish by Sindermann and Mairs (Isel), Sindermann (1963a), and
for the finback whale by Fujino (1960, 1962, 1963). These data, while
not in any case extensive, show that the antigens concerned behave
as would be predicted from genetic studies. Second, populations in
various species have been found to maintain characteristic phenotype
frequencies in samples taken a year or longer apart. Third, blood group
systems resembling the human ABO system and its isoantibodies have
been shown in the freshwater brown bullhead (Cushing and Durall,
1967) and more recently in tunas (Suzuki et al., 1968, 1959; Sprague
et al., 1962) and in the dogfish (Sindermann and Mairs, loc. cit.). Fourth,
antigens with specificities akin to those of the human A, B and Forssman antigens are found in a variety of marine forms including whales,
fur seds, several kinds of fishes, and some invertebrates.
Fifth, while most of the antigens referred to in point €our appear
to be '' species-specific" in that they are found in all individuals
examined in species where they occur, it is to be anticipated, from
such studies as those of Stormont and Suzuki on the Forssman antigen
(1958), and those on the rhesus (Rh) and other primate antigens
(Wiener and Moor-Jankowski, 1963), that individual variations will
be found among them in some species. This has already proven to be
the case with respect to a blood factor in the California bonito that is
very close in its specificity to the A, blood factor recognized in humans
by Dolichos bi$om's lectin (Vann, Section 111, C, 6). Sixth, the occurrence of serum isoantibodies and natural antibodies is commonplace
throughout the vertebrates and the reactions of these antibodies are
the same, excepting for details in specificity, as those associated with
known genetic systems. Seventh, some investigations (reported below)
have demonstrated phenotypic relationships that conform f o HardyWeinberg criteria derived from postulated relationships between the
phenotypes and the genetic mechanisms controlling them.
The above considerations show that it would be unreasonable to
m u m e that the blood group phenotypes of marine animals are not
oontrolled by the same kind of genetic mechanisms that are already
known in other forms. This conclusion continues to be supported by
the demonstrated value of genetic interpretations as guiding the
research to be covered below. It does not follow, of course, that new
phenomena will not be found, or that unusual deviations are not to be
tmnticipated.
This section may be appropriately concluded by noting that
Gordon (1947), using pattern variations, was the first to show that
reproductively isolated populations within the same species of fish
differ with respect to tbe frequencies of their genes.