6
J. 1. SHELBOUBNE
stomus kitt (Walbaum) (lemon sole) and Qlyptocephulus cynoglosswr (L.)
(witch) to the hatching stage. This was hardly sufficient background
research to sustain the new venture.
In 1902, Harald Dannevig left the service of the Scottish Fishery
Board, to take up an appointment in Australia. He sucaessfully
transported several hundred live plaice and turbot from England to
Sydney, in two tanks fitted between decks of a mail steamer
(Dannevig, 1902), and later constructed a sea-fish hatchery at Gunnamatta Bay, Port Hacking, New South Wales. As a preliminary
experiment in 1906, he hatched and liberated 20 million fry from a
captive stock of 2000 adult flatfish (Lockyer, 1916). According to his
father, Capt. Dannevig (1908), the Australian hatchery had a production capacity of 150 million sea-fish and shellfish fry, and waa
partnered by a similar institution at Dunedin, New Zealand.
The early years of the 20th century may be termed the " golden "
era of the marine fish hatchery movement. Commercial establishments
sprang up all over the world, unhindered by the severe criticism later
to be levelled at the basic aoncepts of hatchery practice. Marine
laboratories and biological stations were closely associated with the
movement; particular mention must be made of the French effort
at Concaneau, where Fabre-Domergue and Bi6trix (1902, 1906)
studied techniques for rearing the common sole, and at St. Vaast-laHougue, where Anthony (1907, 1910) worked on the turbot.
By 1917, the total output of fry from the three American east-coast
hatcheries had risen to over 3000 million per annum, divided among
the following marine food-fish species :
Cod
.
. 236 million
Pollack
. 1474million
Haddock
.
6 million
Flounder
.
. 1814 million
This greatly exceeded the aggregate annual output of European
hatcheries in their most productive years before the first world war.
When hostilities ceased, the European movement waa already in
decline, due mainly to general scepticism about the utility of hatchery
practice. The Piel, Lancashire, and Dunbar hatcheries closed down
in the early 'twenties, while the Norwegian establishments gradually
assumed the role of marine biological stations.
The American effort oontinued at a high level of production until
1943, when Woods Hole waa taken over by the Navy Department.
Boothbay Harbor marine habhery suspended operatione in 1950,
followed by the U~oucester station in 1962. The demim of American
J. 1. SHELBOUBNE
stomus kitt (Walbaum) (lemon sole) and Qlyptocephulus cynoglosswr (L.)
(witch) to the hatching stage. This was hardly sufficient background
research to sustain the new venture.
In 1902, Harald Dannevig left the service of the Scottish Fishery
Board, to take up an appointment in Australia. He sucaessfully
transported several hundred live plaice and turbot from England to
Sydney, in two tanks fitted between decks of a mail steamer
(Dannevig, 1902), and later constructed a sea-fish hatchery at Gunnamatta Bay, Port Hacking, New South Wales. As a preliminary
experiment in 1906, he hatched and liberated 20 million fry from a
captive stock of 2000 adult flatfish (Lockyer, 1916). According to his
father, Capt. Dannevig (1908), the Australian hatchery had a production capacity of 150 million sea-fish and shellfish fry, and waa
partnered by a similar institution at Dunedin, New Zealand.
The early years of the 20th century may be termed the " golden "
era of the marine fish hatchery movement. Commercial establishments
sprang up all over the world, unhindered by the severe criticism later
to be levelled at the basic aoncepts of hatchery practice. Marine
laboratories and biological stations were closely associated with the
movement; particular mention must be made of the French effort
at Concaneau, where Fabre-Domergue and Bi6trix (1902, 1906)
studied techniques for rearing the common sole, and at St. Vaast-laHougue, where Anthony (1907, 1910) worked on the turbot.
By 1917, the total output of fry from the three American east-coast
hatcheries had risen to over 3000 million per annum, divided among
the following marine food-fish species :
Cod
.
. 236 million
Pollack
. 1474million
Haddock
.
6 million
Flounder
.
. 1814 million
This greatly exceeded the aggregate annual output of European
hatcheries in their most productive years before the first world war.
When hostilities ceased, the European movement waa already in
decline, due mainly to general scepticism about the utility of hatchery
practice. The Piel, Lancashire, and Dunbar hatcheries closed down
in the early 'twenties, while the Norwegian establishments gradually
assumed the role of marine biological stations.
The American effort oontinued at a high level of production until
1943, when Woods Hole waa taken over by the Navy Department.
Boothbay Harbor marine habhery suspended operatione in 1950,
followed by the U~oucester station in 1962. The demim of American