THE BEHAVIOUR AND PHYSIOLOGY OF HERRING AND OTHER CLUPEIDS 310
ovaries of Clwpea pallasii, which he thought were due to over exposure
to high frequency transmissions from echo-sounders. It should be noted,
however, that usual echo-sounding frequencies are well below the ultrahigh frequencies used in sonic disintegrators, and that these observations
have not been supported by experimental evidence.
3. Sounds d e by herring
Recently Freytag (1961) recorded " piping '' noises made apparently
by herring and i t was intended that these noises should be played back
to the fish. Such reports are not new, and according to Freytag, the
Russians are already using recorded noises to lure herring into places
where they would be more easily caught. The connection between
" piping " noises and the release of gas bubbles from the swim bladder
is not clear.
4. Lateral line
Bamford (1941) demonstrated the complex lateral line system
present on the head of herring (see Fig. 11). It was complcte a t 60 mm
length and was the best developed of any teleost described to date.
The canals opened to the exterior by pores and the latcral line organs
were peculiar in being at the sides of the canals. Wohlfahrt (1937)
found mainly a head system in Sardina pilchardus, the anterior part
being innervated by the trigeminus-facialis nerve and the posterior
part by the vagus. Although no canals were present on the surface of
the body, except in a limited way in the scapular region, the body
surface was innervated by the ramus lateralis and ramus dorsalis of the
vagus. This is probably true of other clupeids. Thcre were alm frco
lateral line organa on the head but thme wcre not men on t h o trunk.
Verheijen (1956), howevor, by very careful handling and anaesthesia
of Sardina pilchardus kept in aquaria, photographed trunk cupulae.
Both herring and Sardina pikhurdu.9 have enormous supra-orbi tal
dilatations of the lateral line system which Bamford thought might be
pressure receptors, because they overlay the temporal foasa and were
in contact with the brain. This seems unlikely unless thc brain were
enclosed in a non-compressible bony caw, the only contact with thH
exterior being through tho temporal fossa.
The lateral line is considered to be reflponsiblo for localization Of
objects or disturbances a t a distance-or " distant touch " ImrceIJtion
(Lowenatein, 1057). It would rospond both 1.0 disturbances oroatad by
other orgariiems as woll as porhaps rcflectione of dieturbances made by
own swimming movoments. Clupeids kept in the dark in aquaria
do not seem to swim into the walls, which may be due to the lateral
ovaries of Clwpea pallasii, which he thought were due to over exposure
to high frequency transmissions from echo-sounders. It should be noted,
however, that usual echo-sounding frequencies are well below the ultrahigh frequencies used in sonic disintegrators, and that these observations
have not been supported by experimental evidence.
3. Sounds d e by herring
Recently Freytag (1961) recorded " piping '' noises made apparently
by herring and i t was intended that these noises should be played back
to the fish. Such reports are not new, and according to Freytag, the
Russians are already using recorded noises to lure herring into places
where they would be more easily caught. The connection between
" piping " noises and the release of gas bubbles from the swim bladder
is not clear.
4. Lateral line
Bamford (1941) demonstrated the complex lateral line system
present on the head of herring (see Fig. 11). It was complcte a t 60 mm
length and was the best developed of any teleost described to date.
The canals opened to the exterior by pores and the latcral line organs
were peculiar in being at the sides of the canals. Wohlfahrt (1937)
found mainly a head system in Sardina pilchardus, the anterior part
being innervated by the trigeminus-facialis nerve and the posterior
part by the vagus. Although no canals were present on the surface of
the body, except in a limited way in the scapular region, the body
surface was innervated by the ramus lateralis and ramus dorsalis of the
vagus. This is probably true of other clupeids. Thcre were alm frco
lateral line organa on the head but thme wcre not men on t h o trunk.
Verheijen (1956), howevor, by very careful handling and anaesthesia
of Sardina pilchardus kept in aquaria, photographed trunk cupulae.
Both herring and Sardina pikhurdu.9 have enormous supra-orbi tal
dilatations of the lateral line system which Bamford thought might be
pressure receptors, because they overlay the temporal foasa and were
in contact with the brain. This seems unlikely unless thc brain were
enclosed in a non-compressible bony caw, the only contact with thH
exterior being through tho temporal fossa.
The lateral line is considered to be reflponsiblo for localization Of
objects or disturbances a t a distance-or " distant touch " ImrceIJtion
(Lowenatein, 1057). It would rospond both 1.0 disturbances oroatad by
other orgariiems as woll as porhaps rcflectione of dieturbances made by
own swimming movoments. Clupeids kept in the dark in aquaria
do not seem to swim into the walls, which may be due to the lateral