THE BEHAVIOUR AND PHYSIOLOGY
OF HERRING AND OTHER CLUPEIDS
Depart men
J. H. S . BUXTER
Marine Laborato y, Aberdeen, Scotland
AND
F. G . T. HOLTJDAY
of Natural History, Aberdeen University, Scotland
I. Introduction
. . .. . . . . .. .. .. .. ..
A. General . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
B. Characteristics of Clupeida . . .. .. .. .. ..
11. The Gametes
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
A. Basic Structure and Composition
. . .. .. .. ..
B. Tolerance to External Conditions
. . .. .. .. ..
C. Viability of the Gametea and Artificial Storage
. . .. ..
D. Fertilization
. . .. .. . * * . .. .. '.
E. Parthenogenesis. . .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
111. The Developing Egg
. . .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
A. Embryology
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
B. Effect of Temperature on Rate of Development . . .. ..
D. Effect of Temperature, Pressure and CO, 011 Eggs..
.. ..
E. Egg Mortality , . .. .. .. . . . . .. ..
IV. The Larva . . .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. ..
A. Development of Organ SyHtenls
. . .. .. a . ..
B. Feeding of Larvae
. . .. . . .. . . .. . .
D. Rearingof Larvae
. . .. . . .. .. .. ..
E. Farming . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
F. Mortality of Larvae . . .. . . .. .. .. . .
H. Salinity Tolerance and Osmo-regulatioii of Larvae. . .. . .
I. Oxygen Uptake..
.. .. .. .. . . .. . .
J. Dermal Receptors
. . .. . . .. .. . . . .
L. hcomotory Behaviour and Ltheotropic ~wponne . . .. . .
M. Vertical Migration of Larvae . . .. .. .. .. ..
N. Response of Larvae to Light . .
. .
. .
. .
..
, I
v. Metamorphosis . . .. .. .. . . . . . . .. . I
vI. Poet-metamorphic Stages
. . .. . . . . .. .. ..
A. Establlrrhment . .
. . . . .. .. .. * .
..
B. FwdinK . . .. ..
C. The Alimentary System
. .
. .
.. . .
..
. .
D. Fat Storage and Metabolism , . .. .. .. .. ..
C. Salinity Tolerance and Oamo-regulation of the Developing Egg . .
C. Growth of Larvae
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
G. Predationon Larvae .. .. . .
. . .. .. . .
K. Temperature, pH, Oxygen, Presauro and Light S(I Limiting FZW~KJW
.. .. . . .. . . . .
261
262
262
264
264
264
266
261
201
268
268
268
269
21 1
212
213
214
814
215
211
218
280
280
283
283
281
287
2He
28 1
504
284
284
ZYG
207
2YO
2 n ~
m
OF HERRING AND OTHER CLUPEIDS
Depart men
J. H. S . BUXTER
Marine Laborato y, Aberdeen, Scotland
AND
F. G . T. HOLTJDAY
of Natural History, Aberdeen University, Scotland
I. Introduction
. . .. . . . . .. .. .. .. ..
A. General . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
B. Characteristics of Clupeida . . .. .. .. .. ..
11. The Gametes
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
A. Basic Structure and Composition
. . .. .. .. ..
B. Tolerance to External Conditions
. . .. .. .. ..
C. Viability of the Gametea and Artificial Storage
. . .. ..
D. Fertilization
. . .. .. . * * . .. .. '.
E. Parthenogenesis. . .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
111. The Developing Egg
. . .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
A. Embryology
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
B. Effect of Temperature on Rate of Development . . .. ..
D. Effect of Temperature, Pressure and CO, 011 Eggs..
.. ..
E. Egg Mortality , . .. .. .. . . . . .. ..
IV. The Larva . . .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. ..
A. Development of Organ SyHtenls
. . .. .. a . ..
B. Feeding of Larvae
. . .. . . .. . . .. . .
D. Rearingof Larvae
. . .. . . .. .. .. ..
E. Farming . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
F. Mortality of Larvae . . .. . . .. .. .. . .
H. Salinity Tolerance and Osmo-regulatioii of Larvae. . .. . .
I. Oxygen Uptake..
.. .. .. .. . . .. . .
J. Dermal Receptors
. . .. . . .. .. . . . .
L. hcomotory Behaviour and Ltheotropic ~wponne . . .. . .
M. Vertical Migration of Larvae . . .. .. .. .. ..
N. Response of Larvae to Light . .
. .
. .
. .
..
, I
v. Metamorphosis . . .. .. .. . . . . . . .. . I
vI. Poet-metamorphic Stages
. . .. . . . . .. .. ..
A. Establlrrhment . .
. . . . .. .. .. * .
..
B. FwdinK . . .. ..
C. The Alimentary System
. .
. .
.. . .
..
. .
D. Fat Storage and Metabolism , . .. .. .. .. ..
C. Salinity Tolerance and Oamo-regulation of the Developing Egg . .
C. Growth of Larvae
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
G. Predationon Larvae .. .. . .
. . .. .. . .
K. Temperature, pH, Oxygen, Presauro and Light S(I Limiting FZW~KJW
.. .. . . .. . . . .
261
262
262
264
264
264
266
261
201
268
268
268
269
21 1
212
213
214
814
215
211
218
280
280
283
283
281
287
2He
28 1
504
284
284
ZYG
207
2YO
2 n ~
m