SOME ASPECTS OF PHOTORECEPTION AND
I.
11.
111.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
IX.
X.
XI.
VISION IN FISHES
J. A. C. NICOL
&urine Biological Assoeia$ion, Plymmth, Zqp!iznd
Introduction
. . . . . . . . . . . .
Regulation of Light Remhing Sensory Surfecea
. .
A. Pineal . . . . . . . . . . . .
C. The Tapetum Lucidum of Chondrichthyee . .
Refraction. Accommodation and the Receptor Layer
Extra-Oculer Reception
. . . . . . ..
B. PupiUary Movement . . . . . . ..
D. Retinomotor Chanp in Teleosts . . ..
Vieud Pigments and Speotral Semitivity . . ..
Transmiseion by the Lens
. . .. .. ..
Photosensitivity and Visual m h o l d e
. . ..
Eaological and Behavioural Studies . . .. ..
8
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0
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The Chorioidal Gland . . .. .. .. ..
Refemncea
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.. 172
.. 174
.. 174
.. 176
.. 176
.. 179
.. 182
.. 186
.. 191
.. 191
.. 194
.. 195
.. 200
.. 201
I. INTRODUCTION
The most important organ for photoreception in fishes is the eye,
although other photosensitive sites are known. The eye, moreover, haa
especial significance because it is a visual organ, capable of image+
formation. Like many other organs of fishes, the eye exhibits much
structural and functional variation end specialization, the features of
which have been related to environmental factors to which the hhea
are normally exposed.
Descriptions and reviews of the pisoine eye are now available in
goodly number, the latest of which by Rochon-Duvigneaud (1943,
1968) and by Brett (1957) point the way to the earlier literature. The
present review does not aim at being comprehensive. I have restricted
myself to several aspects of photoreception in fishes, especially marine
fishes ; these aspects are ones in which I am most interested or in which
there have been notable new advances. In particular, I have gathered
together work dealing with photobehaviour and the functioning of the
eye in marine environments. I have not attempted to deal with the
gathering momentum of electrical studies on the tetina, which could
be reviewed more profitably in conjunction with similar studies on
other animals.
171
I.
11.
111.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
IX.
X.
XI.
VISION IN FISHES
J. A. C. NICOL
&urine Biological Assoeia$ion, Plymmth, Zqp!iznd
Introduction
. . . . . . . . . . . .
Regulation of Light Remhing Sensory Surfecea
. .
A. Pineal . . . . . . . . . . . .
C. The Tapetum Lucidum of Chondrichthyee . .
Refraction. Accommodation and the Receptor Layer
Extra-Oculer Reception
. . . . . . ..
B. PupiUary Movement . . . . . . ..
D. Retinomotor Chanp in Teleosts . . ..
Vieud Pigments and Speotral Semitivity . . ..
Transmiseion by the Lens
. . .. .. ..
Photosensitivity and Visual m h o l d e
. . ..
Eaological and Behavioural Studies . . .. ..
8
~
0
~
.. .. .. .. . . . . ..
The Chorioidal Gland . . .. .. .. ..
Refemncea
. . . . . . . . . . ..
.. ..
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
.. ..
.. ..
.. ..
.. ..
.. ..
. . . .
.. ..
. . . .
.. ..
. . . .
.. ..
.. 171
.. 172
.. 174
.. 174
.. 176
.. 176
.. 179
.. 182
.. 186
.. 191
.. 191
.. 194
.. 195
.. 200
.. 201
I. INTRODUCTION
The most important organ for photoreception in fishes is the eye,
although other photosensitive sites are known. The eye, moreover, haa
especial significance because it is a visual organ, capable of image+
formation. Like many other organs of fishes, the eye exhibits much
structural and functional variation end specialization, the features of
which have been related to environmental factors to which the hhea
are normally exposed.
Descriptions and reviews of the pisoine eye are now available in
goodly number, the latest of which by Rochon-Duvigneaud (1943,
1968) and by Brett (1957) point the way to the earlier literature. The
present review does not aim at being comprehensive. I have restricted
myself to several aspects of photoreception in fishes, especially marine
fishes ; these aspects are ones in which I am most interested or in which
there have been notable new advances. In particular, I have gathered
together work dealing with photobehaviour and the functioning of the
eye in marine environments. I have not attempted to deal with the
gathering momentum of electrical studies on the tetina, which could
be reviewed more profitably in conjunction with similar studies on
other animals.
171