REARING OF BIVALVE MOLLUSKS
VICTOR L. LOOSANOFF* AND HARRY C. DAVIS
U .S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Biological Laboratory,
Milford, Connecticut
I. Introduction
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11. Equipment
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1x1. Conditioning Mollusks for Out-of-Season Spawning . .
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IV. Cultivation of Eggs and Larvae of Bivalves +. A . . . I
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-4. General Description of the Development . . .. .. ..
R. Abnormal Eggs and 1,arvae . .
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C. Methods of Cultivation of Eggs and Larvae
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D. 1,arval Period . .
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E. Hardinees of Eggs and Larvae
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F. NHocts of Temperatiire on Eggs and Larvae
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G. E:ffects of Salinity 0 1 1 Eggs and Larveo
. . . .
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H. Effects of Turbidity on Eggs and Larvae . . . .
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I. Effects of Foods on Growth of Larvae
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J. Effects of Crowding . .
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K. Metamorphosis
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L. Dimasos of Larval arid Juvenile Mollusks and their Treatment . .
M. Sdectivo Brooding arid Hyhridizatioii
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V. ltmririg of J)ifferent Spociew . . .. . .
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A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
K.
L.
M.
N.
0.
P.
Q.
R.
S.
Gruuaoatrea virginim (Grnelin)
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Arm tmnaveraa Say . . .. .. ..
ModWlu.4 demiasuo (Dillwyn) . . .. ..
Mytilus edulia Linn6 . . .. . . ..
A m i a mmpkx DOrbigny . . .. ..
Pcctcn irradiana Lamarck
. . .. ..
Oatreu edulis Linn6
. . .. .. . .
Oatmu lurkah Carpenter
. . .. ..
Cmasoatrea gigaa (Thunberg) . . .. ..
Luevieardium mortoni (Conrad) *. -. . ..
T a p aemideeueaata Reeve . . . . . .
Petriwlu p h a l d i f m b Lamarck
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. .
Emia directw ((hrecl)
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. .
Mrrclrrr ( . = Npinula) aoluhnnarn4i I)illwyrt
M?/cr rcrenurirr l.irin6 . .
. . . . . .
lsrrtlo i u i w l i n Liiinh . .
Merwnanb (= Venw) mcmenuriu (LinnB) . .
Memenuria (= Venus) campechiensie (Grnelin)
Pitar (= CaUoeardia) mmrhwnu Gould
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. -....... I , ....... ... .*.... I.. . . . . . . . . .. .. .. 1 * I
V I. A ~ ~ l l ~ i ~ ~ ~ l i ~ i ~ ~ i i ~ ~ ~ l ~ i ~
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Vl1. Iiofmwircw. . . .
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Y.11.
I
11
VICTOR L. LOOSANOFF* AND HARRY C. DAVIS
U .S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Biological Laboratory,
Milford, Connecticut
I. Introduction
. .
.. * . .. .. . . .. .. ..
11. Equipment
..
.. .. . . .. .. .. .. ..
1x1. Conditioning Mollusks for Out-of-Season Spawning . .
.. .. ..
IV. Cultivation of Eggs and Larvae of Bivalves +. A . . . I
.. ..
-4. General Description of the Development . . .. .. ..
R. Abnormal Eggs and 1,arvae . .
..
.. .. .. ..
C. Methods of Cultivation of Eggs and Larvae
. .
* . ..
D. 1,arval Period . .
..
..
. .
.. . .
.. ..
E. Hardinees of Eggs and Larvae
. . . . .. . . ..
F. NHocts of Temperatiire on Eggs and Larvae
. . . .
..
G. E:ffects of Salinity 0 1 1 Eggs and Larveo
. . . .
.. ..
H. Effects of Turbidity on Eggs and Larvae . . . .
.. ..
I. Effects of Foods on Growth of Larvae
. . .. .. ..
J. Effects of Crowding . .
. . . . .. .. .. ..
K. Metamorphosis
.. ..
. .
.. . . .. . .
L. Dimasos of Larval arid Juvenile Mollusks and their Treatment . .
M. Sdectivo Brooding arid Hyhridizatioii
. .
V. ltmririg of J)ifferent Spociew . . .. . .
..
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
K.
L.
M.
N.
0.
P.
Q.
R.
S.
Gruuaoatrea virginim (Grnelin)
..
. .
Arm tmnaveraa Say . . .. .. ..
ModWlu.4 demiasuo (Dillwyn) . . .. ..
Mytilus edulia Linn6 . . .. . . ..
A m i a mmpkx DOrbigny . . .. ..
Pcctcn irradiana Lamarck
. . .. ..
Oatreu edulis Linn6
. . .. .. . .
Oatmu lurkah Carpenter
. . .. ..
Cmasoatrea gigaa (Thunberg) . . .. ..
Luevieardium mortoni (Conrad) *. -. . ..
T a p aemideeueaata Reeve . . . . . .
Petriwlu p h a l d i f m b Lamarck
.
. .
Emia directw ((hrecl)
. .
. .
Mrrclrrr ( . = Npinula) aoluhnnarn4i I)illwyrt
M?/cr rcrenurirr l.irin6 . .
. . . . . .
lsrrtlo i u i w l i n Liiinh . .
Merwnanb (= Venw) mcmenuriu (LinnB) . .
Memenuria (= Venus) campechiensie (Grnelin)
Pitar (= CaUoeardia) mmrhwnu Gould
. .
. .
. . . .
. .
I ,
..
. .
..
..
..
..
..
..
. .
..
..
..
..
..
..
. .
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..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.,
. .
. .
. .
. ,
..
..
..
2
4
14
26
26
30
36
38
41
47
52
53
66
68
71
76
80
81
82
84
86
87
90
96
98
101
104
106
107
109
110
112
116
I I7
120
127
129
130
I
. -....... I , ....... ... .*.... I.. . . . . . . . . .. .. .. 1 * I
V I. A ~ ~ l l ~ i ~ ~ ~ l i ~ i ~ ~ i i ~ ~ ~ l ~ i ~
.. .. ..
. -
..
.. .. .. 129
Vl1. Iiofmwircw. . . .
. .
.. . . .. . . .. * . .. 130
Y.11.
I
11