Human Ecology as an Interdisciplinary Concept:
A Critical Inquiry
GERALD L. Yoma
Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, U.S.A.
I. Introduction
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.
2
Concept
.
.
4
A. The Contribution from Biology
B. Development in the Social Sciences .
. 10
1. Sociology: Social and Human Ecology
. 11
2. Cultural Ecology in Anthropology . .
. 19
4. Economics and Ecology
.
. 27
11. Seminal Work in Human Ecology: The Development of a “Multi-disciplinary”
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4
3. Ecological Psychology .
. 23
6. Geography as Human Ecology
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. 32
6. The Study of Government as Political Ecology
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. 38
. 40
1. Engineering as Applied Human Ecology
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. 46
3. Landscape Architecture as Applied Human Ecology
.
. 63
4. Planning as Applied Human Ecology .
. 64
6. Conservation as Applied Human Ecology
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. 66
6. Public Health as Applied Human Ecology
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. 67
111. The Present Situation in Human Ecology
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. 68
IV. Toward an Ecological Anlage: Some Commonalities .
. 69
A. The Level-of-Integration Concept
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. 60
B. Structure and Organization
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. 61
C. Functionalism .
. 62
D. Diversity and Stability
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. 66
E. The Interaction Concept. .
. 66
C. The Tradition of Humanistic Ecology in Philosophy and the Arts .
D. The Beginnings of Applied Human Ecology
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. 44
2. Architecture as Applied Human Ecology
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. 47
F. Community .
. 72
0. Ecosystem and Systems Analysis
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. 74
I. Spatial Analysis
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. 81
H. Institutions .
. . 80
J. A Gestalt Perspective
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. 83
V. Changes Suggested for Further Clarification of the Concept
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. 86
VI. Summary and Conclusions .
. 87
References .
. 88
1
Acknowledgements
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. 88