146
B. STONEHOUSE
Peninsula, Stewart Island) and wind and rainfall increase. Northern
Blue penguins, perhaps a separate subspecies from those of Australia
and northern New Zealand (Kinsky, personal communication), breed in
the Cook Strait area. Banks Peninsula and neighbouring Canterbury
coasts have White-flippered penguins (another closely related form), and
Southern Blue penguins occupy the southern South Island and Stewart
Island. The wet south-western corner of the South Island is the home of
Fjordland penguins, which nest in July and August among the cortstal
rain forest and on Stewart Island. Yellow-eyed penguins are more common on the south-eastern side, nesting under tussock and scrub; they
lay in September and October (Richdale, 1957, p. 20). For general
accounts of the New Zealand penguins see Oliver, 1955.
Chutham Islands. These include a main island 25 miles (40 km) long,
a small outlier, and many stacks and islets, lying 560 miles (900 km)
east of Banks Peninsula. Sea temperatures are determined by the West
Wind Drift, modified by mixing with warmer water from the north; air
temperatures are slightly lower, due to prevalent south-westerly winds.
The endemic penguins are closely akin to Southern Blue penguins. They
breed in burrows (including deserted nest burrows of Mutton birds
P u . n u s griseus) and other sheltered places; Archey and Lindsay (1924,
p. 187) describe nests grouped on a hillside, with one over a mile from the
sea at 900 ft (275 m).
Snares I s h d s . 60 miles (96 km) southwest of Stewart Island, the
Snares include one island a little over one mile across and several small
outliers. Sea and air temperatures are probably similar to those of
Stewart Island and Fjordland. The main island is heavily forested, with
a dense population of several million Mutton birds. The endemic penguin,
closely related to the Fjordland penguin, breeds in early spring (AugustSeptember) in small colonies among the trees or at the forest edge. They
feed close inshore and migrate away from the islands in winter.
d. Warm temperate islands
Tristan da Cunha, Nightingale, Inaccessible, St. Paul and New
Amsterdam lie near the northern edge of the West Wind Drift and the
sub-tropical convergence. They show marked similarities of climate and
fauna, and share a single species of penguin-the
Rockhopperprobably a distinctive northern form of a cosmopolitan species.
The Tristan group and Gough Island. Tristan, with its neighboura
Nightingale and Inaccessible Island, lies on the sub-tropical convergence
in the southern Atlantic Ocean; Gough Island, 260 miles (420 km) to the
southeast, lies in sub-tropical water throughout the year, with mean WR
temperature 3°C lower (Fig. 7). All are small, heavily eroded volcanic
peaks. Their climate is determined mainly by westerly winds, but passing
B. STONEHOUSE
Peninsula, Stewart Island) and wind and rainfall increase. Northern
Blue penguins, perhaps a separate subspecies from those of Australia
and northern New Zealand (Kinsky, personal communication), breed in
the Cook Strait area. Banks Peninsula and neighbouring Canterbury
coasts have White-flippered penguins (another closely related form), and
Southern Blue penguins occupy the southern South Island and Stewart
Island. The wet south-western corner of the South Island is the home of
Fjordland penguins, which nest in July and August among the cortstal
rain forest and on Stewart Island. Yellow-eyed penguins are more common on the south-eastern side, nesting under tussock and scrub; they
lay in September and October (Richdale, 1957, p. 20). For general
accounts of the New Zealand penguins see Oliver, 1955.
Chutham Islands. These include a main island 25 miles (40 km) long,
a small outlier, and many stacks and islets, lying 560 miles (900 km)
east of Banks Peninsula. Sea temperatures are determined by the West
Wind Drift, modified by mixing with warmer water from the north; air
temperatures are slightly lower, due to prevalent south-westerly winds.
The endemic penguins are closely akin to Southern Blue penguins. They
breed in burrows (including deserted nest burrows of Mutton birds
P u . n u s griseus) and other sheltered places; Archey and Lindsay (1924,
p. 187) describe nests grouped on a hillside, with one over a mile from the
sea at 900 ft (275 m).
Snares I s h d s . 60 miles (96 km) southwest of Stewart Island, the
Snares include one island a little over one mile across and several small
outliers. Sea and air temperatures are probably similar to those of
Stewart Island and Fjordland. The main island is heavily forested, with
a dense population of several million Mutton birds. The endemic penguin,
closely related to the Fjordland penguin, breeds in early spring (AugustSeptember) in small colonies among the trees or at the forest edge. They
feed close inshore and migrate away from the islands in winter.
d. Warm temperate islands
Tristan da Cunha, Nightingale, Inaccessible, St. Paul and New
Amsterdam lie near the northern edge of the West Wind Drift and the
sub-tropical convergence. They show marked similarities of climate and
fauna, and share a single species of penguin-the
Rockhopperprobably a distinctive northern form of a cosmopolitan species.
The Tristan group and Gough Island. Tristan, with its neighboura
Nightingale and Inaccessible Island, lies on the sub-tropical convergence
in the southern Atlantic Ocean; Gough Island, 260 miles (420 km) to the
southeast, lies in sub-tropical water throughout the year, with mean WR
temperature 3°C lower (Fig. 7). All are small, heavily eroded volcanic
peaks. Their climate is determined mainly by westerly winds, but passing