The Dynamics of a Field Population . of the Pine Looper.
Bupalus piniarius L . (Lep., Geom.)
H . KLOMP
Department of Zoology. Agricultural University. Wageningen.
Netherlands
I . Introduction ........................................................ 207
A . The Area of Investigation ......................................... 208
B . The Lifecycle of the Pine Looper ................................... 209
C . The Pine Looper aa an Object for Populatior . Studies ................. 211
I1 . Methods of Measuring Density ........................................
211
A . Density of Eggs and Larvae ....................................... 211
B . Density ofNymphs ...............................................
220
C . Density ofPup ae ................................................ 223
D . Density ofMot hs ................................................. 229
E . The Dispersion of Nymphs, Pupae. and Moths ....................... 233
I11 . Annual Routine Rearings ............................................. 233
A . Rearing ofEggs ..................................................
234
B . Rearing ofLenrae ................................................ 237
C . Rearing of Pup es ................................................ 240
D . Rearing ofMoths ................................................. 240
IV . Annual Variations of the Reproductive Rate ............................ 240
A . The variability of Fecundity Within One Generation ................. 242
B . The Variability of Fecundity Between Generations ................... 268
V . The Composition of Life Tables ....................................... 267
VI . The Analysis of the Causes of Fluctuation ..............................
273
A . The Pattern of Fluctuation ........................................ 273
B . Key-fector Analye is .............................................. 276
VII . The Analysis of the Causes of Regulation ............................... 286
A . The Incidence of Regulation ....................................... 286
B . Density Dependent Fecundity ..................................... 288
C . DensityDependent Mortality ...................................... 289
D . Delayed Density Dependent Mortality .............................. 294
VIII . Final Considemtions ................................................. 299
Acknowledgments ......................................................... 303
References ...............................................................
303
I . INTRODUCTIOK
In general it can be stated that in the field of population dynamics
three main problems deserve special attention; these, briefly stated
(see also Wilbert, 1962; Klomp, 1962), are:
1 . By and large the numbers of an animal in a particular habitat
207