112
MANFRED D . ENQELMANN
In summary, then, we have taken a brief look a t the growth of the
principles of energetics as applied to field populations. At the start,
studies were concerned mainly with the physics of combustion by
animals. Subsequently the science grew and fragmented into three lines
of attack. The physiological studies provide a potential reservoir of information. The maintenance metabolism studies provide comparisons
a t the population and community levels which emphasize the intensity
of the energy flow. The trophic-dynamic studies yield a model and date
on net productivity. From a close examination of the field as a whole,
one can say that the study of energetics (particularly terrestrial) is still
in its developing stage - not yet in any sense so mature as is sometimes
proposed. Yet, the Lindeman model, and maintenance metabolism
studies, are providing guidelines for field investigations. Such studies
are, in turn, yielding data necessary for further speculation, prediction,
and model refinement. Even though methods are still crude, new principles are beginning to emerge, and this discipline shows great promise.
I wish to express my gratitude to Dr. John A. Wallwork (Westfield
College, London, England) and Dr. Tyler Woolley (Colorado State
University) for the identifications of the Oribatei, to Dr. George Petrides.
(Michigan State University) for making the manuscript of his paper
available, to Dr. D. Strawbridge and Mr. W. Weist (Michigan State
University) for their discussions on mathematical aspects of the work,
to the National Science Foundation for funds supporting a portion of
the mite research reported in this paper. I am particularly grateful to
my wife, Patricia, for her patient help with the manuscript.
REFERENCES
Allee, W. C., Emerson, A. E., Park, O., Park, T. and Schmidt, K. P. (1949).
Armsby, H. P. (1903). “Principles of Animal Nutrition”. New York.
Atwater, W. 0. and Benedict, F. G. (1903). “The Metabolism of Matter and
Energy in the Human Body”. U.S. Department of Agriculture Bulletin 138.
Benedict, F. G. (1936). “Physiology of the Elephant”, Washington: Carnegie
Institute, Publ. 474.
Berthet, P. (1963). MBsure de la consommation d’oxygAne des Oribatides (AcarieG)
de la litiAre des for&. I n “Soil Organisms”, 18-31.
Birch, L. C. and Clark, P. D. (1953). Quart. Rev. Biol. 28, 13-36. Forest soil as an
ecological community with special reference to the fauna.
Birge, E. A. and Juday, C. (1922). Bull. WkconSin Beol. Nat. Hiet. Sum. 64,l-222.
The inland lakes of Wisconsin. The plankton. Part I. Its quantity and
chemical composition.
“Principles of Animal Ecology”. Philadelphia: Saunders.
Blair, W. F. (1964). Bio. Sci. 14, 17-19. The case for ecology.
Bornebusch, C. H. (1930). “The Fauna of The Forest Soil”. Copenhagen.
Brody, Samuel. (1945). “Bioenergetics and Growth, with Special Reference to the
Efficiency Complex in Domestic Animals”. New York: Reinhold. Reprinted
(1964). New York: Hafner.
MANFRED D . ENQELMANN
In summary, then, we have taken a brief look a t the growth of the
principles of energetics as applied to field populations. At the start,
studies were concerned mainly with the physics of combustion by
animals. Subsequently the science grew and fragmented into three lines
of attack. The physiological studies provide a potential reservoir of information. The maintenance metabolism studies provide comparisons
a t the population and community levels which emphasize the intensity
of the energy flow. The trophic-dynamic studies yield a model and date
on net productivity. From a close examination of the field as a whole,
one can say that the study of energetics (particularly terrestrial) is still
in its developing stage - not yet in any sense so mature as is sometimes
proposed. Yet, the Lindeman model, and maintenance metabolism
studies, are providing guidelines for field investigations. Such studies
are, in turn, yielding data necessary for further speculation, prediction,
and model refinement. Even though methods are still crude, new principles are beginning to emerge, and this discipline shows great promise.
I wish to express my gratitude to Dr. John A. Wallwork (Westfield
College, London, England) and Dr. Tyler Woolley (Colorado State
University) for the identifications of the Oribatei, to Dr. George Petrides.
(Michigan State University) for making the manuscript of his paper
available, to Dr. D. Strawbridge and Mr. W. Weist (Michigan State
University) for their discussions on mathematical aspects of the work,
to the National Science Foundation for funds supporting a portion of
the mite research reported in this paper. I am particularly grateful to
my wife, Patricia, for her patient help with the manuscript.
REFERENCES
Allee, W. C., Emerson, A. E., Park, O., Park, T. and Schmidt, K. P. (1949).
Armsby, H. P. (1903). “Principles of Animal Nutrition”. New York.
Atwater, W. 0. and Benedict, F. G. (1903). “The Metabolism of Matter and
Energy in the Human Body”. U.S. Department of Agriculture Bulletin 138.
Benedict, F. G. (1936). “Physiology of the Elephant”, Washington: Carnegie
Institute, Publ. 474.
Berthet, P. (1963). MBsure de la consommation d’oxygAne des Oribatides (AcarieG)
de la litiAre des for&. I n “Soil Organisms”, 18-31.
Birch, L. C. and Clark, P. D. (1953). Quart. Rev. Biol. 28, 13-36. Forest soil as an
ecological community with special reference to the fauna.
Birge, E. A. and Juday, C. (1922). Bull. WkconSin Beol. Nat. Hiet. Sum. 64,l-222.
The inland lakes of Wisconsin. The plankton. Part I. Its quantity and
chemical composition.
“Principles of Animal Ecology”. Philadelphia: Saunders.
Blair, W. F. (1964). Bio. Sci. 14, 17-19. The case for ecology.
Bornebusch, C. H. (1930). “The Fauna of The Forest Soil”. Copenhagen.
Brody, Samuel. (1945). “Bioenergetics and Growth, with Special Reference to the
Efficiency Complex in Domestic Animals”. New York: Reinhold. Reprinted
(1964). New York: Hafner.