4. HORMONES AND BEHAVIOR
213
female, and a recognizable estrous behavior by the female (123, 152).
Methods of quantifying clasping behavior, duration of oviposition,
ejaculatory movements of the male, and release of the female have been
developed, particularly by Aronson and Noble (148-152) and by Russell
(162, 163). Aggressive behavior and territorial defense have been reported in a number of species mentioned by Haubrich (164) in his study
of hierarchial behavior in Xenopus, but no effort to relate this behavior
to hormonal action is cited. Migrating behavior has been studied rather
grossly, but by methods that were adequate to demonstrate the action
of prolactin in stimulating this behavior in hypophysectomized, gonadectomized Diemyctylus and in species of Triturus (43-46).
This action
apparently is a direct effect of the hypophyseal hormone on behavior.
Dependence of mating behavior on the gonads is assumed from the
reports of its disappearance following gonadectomy and its induction
following treatment with extracts of testicular and hypophyseal tissue
(147, 165-167).
Despite the report by Burgos (168) that restoration
of clasping behavior in castrated Bufo required a pituitary extract as well
as testosterone, the assumption seems to be that steroid hormones are
sufficient, as they certainly are in the maintenance and functioning of the
reproductive tract and accessory tissues (123, 135, 169).
The chemical identity of these hormones and their cellular origin
present problems, a number of which are discussed by Dodd
(123).
Within the male of the newt Taricha torosa, connective tissue cells
surrounding each testicular lobule form a ring of lipid-filled cells surrounding the Sertoli elements. At the same time, these latter elements
develop cell boundaries and become an inner ring of lipid-filled cells.
This double-layered structure is believed to be glandular and a source
of male sex hormone (170). In a more recent study of Xenopus laevis,
after stimulation with gonadotropins, steroid-Gß-ol-dehydrogenase activity indicative of steroid hormone production was demonstrated in the
interstitial tissue and under the tunica albuginea (171). The circumstance that evidence of glandular activity was found in the "lobuleboundary" and Sertoli cells of one species and in the interstitial cells of
another species is not disturbing; Lofts and Marshall (138) note that
both arrangements seem to be associated with steroid hormone secretion.
The identity of the hormone was not determined.
The situation in the female is less clear. Structural (169) and behavioral changes (167) following ovariectomy and replacement therapy
are the evidence that the ovaries of amphibians produce estrogens.
Chromatographic techniques enabled Gallien and Chalumeau-Le Foulgoc (172) to demonstrate the presence of steroids of the estrone-estradiol
group in juvenile ovaries of Xenopus. Estrone and estradiol were found
213
female, and a recognizable estrous behavior by the female (123, 152).
Methods of quantifying clasping behavior, duration of oviposition,
ejaculatory movements of the male, and release of the female have been
developed, particularly by Aronson and Noble (148-152) and by Russell
(162, 163). Aggressive behavior and territorial defense have been reported in a number of species mentioned by Haubrich (164) in his study
of hierarchial behavior in Xenopus, but no effort to relate this behavior
to hormonal action is cited. Migrating behavior has been studied rather
grossly, but by methods that were adequate to demonstrate the action
of prolactin in stimulating this behavior in hypophysectomized, gonadectomized Diemyctylus and in species of Triturus (43-46).
This action
apparently is a direct effect of the hypophyseal hormone on behavior.
Dependence of mating behavior on the gonads is assumed from the
reports of its disappearance following gonadectomy and its induction
following treatment with extracts of testicular and hypophyseal tissue
(147, 165-167).
Despite the report by Burgos (168) that restoration
of clasping behavior in castrated Bufo required a pituitary extract as well
as testosterone, the assumption seems to be that steroid hormones are
sufficient, as they certainly are in the maintenance and functioning of the
reproductive tract and accessory tissues (123, 135, 169).
The chemical identity of these hormones and their cellular origin
present problems, a number of which are discussed by Dodd
(123).
Within the male of the newt Taricha torosa, connective tissue cells
surrounding each testicular lobule form a ring of lipid-filled cells surrounding the Sertoli elements. At the same time, these latter elements
develop cell boundaries and become an inner ring of lipid-filled cells.
This double-layered structure is believed to be glandular and a source
of male sex hormone (170). In a more recent study of Xenopus laevis,
after stimulation with gonadotropins, steroid-Gß-ol-dehydrogenase activity indicative of steroid hormone production was demonstrated in the
interstitial tissue and under the tunica albuginea (171). The circumstance that evidence of glandular activity was found in the "lobuleboundary" and Sertoli cells of one species and in the interstitial cells of
another species is not disturbing; Lofts and Marshall (138) note that
both arrangements seem to be associated with steroid hormone secretion.
The identity of the hormone was not determined.
The situation in the female is less clear. Structural (169) and behavioral changes (167) following ovariectomy and replacement therapy
are the evidence that the ovaries of amphibians produce estrogens.
Chromatographic techniques enabled Gallien and Chalumeau-Le Foulgoc (172) to demonstrate the presence of steroids of the estrone-estradiol
group in juvenile ovaries of Xenopus. Estrone and estradiol were found