12. QUINONES: STRUCTURE AND DISTRIBUTION
665
(CXXI) and other lichen acids, when grown on synthetic media. Hess
(145), however, was unable to confirm these results; in his experiments
with mycobionts isolated from Cladonia, Parmeliß, and other species,
the lichen acids characteristic of these species were not produced and
only simple phenolic acids, e.g., orsellinic and haematommic acids
could be detected. He concluded therefore that the algal component
plays a part in the biogenesis of the more complex lichen metabolites
by the provision of some "chemischen Faktoren." This factor is evidently
glucose. The growth medium used by Hess contained malt extract and
agar, but no simple carbohydrate material was added. Scott (145a) has
found that the isolated mycobiont of Xanthoria parietina produces
physcion only when it is supplied with glucose, in agreement with
earlier work (145b). Castle and Kubsch also appear to have used
glucose in their media,* and presumably a simple sugar photosynthesized in the algal cells is the source of the aromatic compounds produced by the fungal component of the living lichen.
So far no naphthoquinones have been found in lichens, and only
two benzoquinones and seven anthraquinones are known. This corresponds roughly to the proportions in which each type occurs in the
fungi. The benzoquinones, polyporic acid and theleporic acid, found in
Stictaceae, occur also in the Basidiomycetes, but there appears to be no
possible botanical relationship between the latter and these Ascolichenes.
The terphenylquinones are closely related to the pulvinic acid pigments,
which are confined to lichens (Stictaceae and related families). Polyporic acid, theleporic acid, pulvinic acid (CXXIV), and pulvinic acid
Lichen Quinones
Peltigerales
Polyporic acid
Theleporic acid
[Sticta spp. (Stictaceae)]
[Lobaria spp. (Stictaceae)]
(LXXVII)
(XCII)
OH
^CO(CH 2 ) 4 CH 3
MeO Ι^ ΛΛ ^JoH
O
Solorinic acid
[Solorina sp.
(Peltigeraceae)]
(CXDC)
* Castle and Kubsch give very little detail in their preliminary paper and do
not actually mention glucose, but see reference 145c.
665
(CXXI) and other lichen acids, when grown on synthetic media. Hess
(145), however, was unable to confirm these results; in his experiments
with mycobionts isolated from Cladonia, Parmeliß, and other species,
the lichen acids characteristic of these species were not produced and
only simple phenolic acids, e.g., orsellinic and haematommic acids
could be detected. He concluded therefore that the algal component
plays a part in the biogenesis of the more complex lichen metabolites
by the provision of some "chemischen Faktoren." This factor is evidently
glucose. The growth medium used by Hess contained malt extract and
agar, but no simple carbohydrate material was added. Scott (145a) has
found that the isolated mycobiont of Xanthoria parietina produces
physcion only when it is supplied with glucose, in agreement with
earlier work (145b). Castle and Kubsch also appear to have used
glucose in their media,* and presumably a simple sugar photosynthesized in the algal cells is the source of the aromatic compounds produced by the fungal component of the living lichen.
So far no naphthoquinones have been found in lichens, and only
two benzoquinones and seven anthraquinones are known. This corresponds roughly to the proportions in which each type occurs in the
fungi. The benzoquinones, polyporic acid and theleporic acid, found in
Stictaceae, occur also in the Basidiomycetes, but there appears to be no
possible botanical relationship between the latter and these Ascolichenes.
The terphenylquinones are closely related to the pulvinic acid pigments,
which are confined to lichens (Stictaceae and related families). Polyporic acid, theleporic acid, pulvinic acid (CXXIV), and pulvinic acid
Lichen Quinones
Peltigerales
Polyporic acid
Theleporic acid
[Sticta spp. (Stictaceae)]
[Lobaria spp. (Stictaceae)]
(LXXVII)
(XCII)
OH
^CO(CH 2 ) 4 CH 3
MeO Ι^ ΛΛ ^JoH
O
Solorinic acid
[Solorina sp.
(Peltigeraceae)]
(CXDC)
* Castle and Kubsch give very little detail in their preliminary paper and do
not actually mention glucose, but see reference 145c.