182
G. L. CANTONI
TABLE I
NATURAL OCCURRENCE AND DISTRIBUTION OF ONIUM COMPOUNDS
I. Aliphatic quaternary ammonium compounds
1. Tetramethyl ammonium
hydroxide
2. Neurine (trimethylvinyl
ammonium hydroxide)
3. Choline
4. Betaine
5. Muscarine
6. Homobetaine (ß-propiobetaine)
7. 7-Butyrobetaine
8. Crotonobetaine
9. Carnitine (ß-hydroxybutyrobetaine)
10. Miokinine
11. Asterubin
12. Ercinine
13. Ergothioneine
14. Hypaphorine
15. Bufotenidine
16. Leptodactyline
17. Candicine
18. Coryneine
II. Heterocylic onium compounds
1. Stachidrine
2. Betonicine
3. Homostachidrine
4. Atisine
5. Thiamine
6. DPN (TPN)
7. iV'-Methylnicotinamide
8. iV'-Methylpicolinic acid
9. iV'-Methylpyridine
10. Curare alkaloids
III. Sulfonium compounds
1. Dimethylpropiothetin
2. /S-Adenosylmethionine
3. iS-Methylmethionine
Microorganisms
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Plants
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Invertebrates
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Vertebrates
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
References
a
a
b
a,c
d
a
e,f
a
e,9
h
a
i
3
a,k
l,k
m
k
k
n,o
a
0
V
Q
r
s
t
u
V
w
X
y,*
a Guggenheim (11).
b Best et al. {37).
c Cromwell and Rennie {63).
d F. Kögl, H.
Duisberg, and H. Erxleben, Ann. 156, 489 (1931).
e Carter et al. {69). ' Hosein and
McLennan {64). °Kutscher {68).
A Ackermann {29). »Kutscher {83); Reuter {84).
> See references 66-76.
k L. Reti, in "The Alkaloids" (R. H. F. Manske and H. L.