CHAPTER
III
REGENERATION OF VERTEBRATE APPENDAGES*
R. J. GOSS
I. Introduction
103
II. Phylogenese Aspects of Regeneration
105
A.
Vertebrate Structures Capable of Regeneration
106
III. Process of Regeneration
109
A.
Initial Stimulus
HO
B.
Dedifferentiation
HI
C.
Blastema Formation
112
D.
Differentiation
113
E.
Morphogenesis
114
IV. Morphogenesis of the Blastema
115
V. Morphogenetic Influence of the Stump
118
A.
Roles of Individual Tissues
118
VI. Regeneration from Quantitatively Altered Appendages
129
A.
Regeneration of Double Limbs ..."
129
B.
Regeneration of Half Limbs
131
C.
Partially Irradiated Limbs
133
VII. Hypomorphic Regeneration
136
A.
Regeneration of Abnormal Extremities
139
VIII. Polarity and Regeneration
143
IX, Discussion and Conclusions
146
References
149
I. Introduction
Morphology is the tangible evidence of the operation of subtle and
complex influences during the development of organisms. These morphogenetic effects are ultimately attributable to genetic factors in the
embryo. Thus, the problem of morphogenesis is in part the analysis of
the fundamental directing influences which are responsible for determining what will eventually be formed. Inseparable from such basic
causal factors, however, are the mechanisms by which their effects are
implemented. Therefore, the study of morphogenesis must necessarily
include an understanding of the means by which an end result is
achieved by a developing system reacting to information which has been
* The original investigations from the author's laboratory have been supported by
a research grant (B-923) from The National Institute of Neurological Diseases &
Blindness, of the U.S. National Institutes of Health.
103