THE INITIATION OF ORGANIZED
DEVELOPMENT
IN PLANTS
JOHN G. TORREY
Biological Laboratories, Harvard University, Cambridge,
Massachusetts
I. Introduction
II. The Development of Embryonic Structures
A. Embryogenesis in the Flowering Plants
B. Quantitative Analysis of Embryo Development . . . .
III. Embryo Culture
A. Ovary and Ovule Culture
B. Isolated Embryo Culture
C. Embryogenesis in Tissue Cultures
IV. Plant Cell Culture
Division of Single Isolated Cells in Culture
V. Physiological Isolation as a Basis for the Initiation of Organized
Development
Embryonic Development and Apomixis in the Ferns and Mosses
VI. The Initiation and Differentiation of Vascular Tissues
A. Secondary Vascular Tissue Formation
B. Primary Vascular Tissue Formation
C. Vascular Tissue Formation in Tissue Cultures . . . .
VII. The Initiation of Root, Bud, and Leaf Primordia . . . .
A. Root Initiation
B. Bud and Leaf Initiation
C. Bud Initiation and Apical Meristem Culture
. . . .
VIII. The Role of Hormones in the Initiation of Organization .
References
I. Introduction
The morphological expression of a particular phenotype in a unicellular
organism is the ultimate reflection of the genetic material. Information
passes successively from the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the cell
through appropriately coded ribonucleic acid (RNA) to protein synthesis,
enzymatic activity, and thence to distinctive cellular expression in structure and behavior. Cellular properties that serve to distinguish one cell
from another are largely attributable to differences in cell proteins and
in enzymatic activities derived from these proteins. Thus, at the cellular
level, the nature of the basic sequential control mechanisms seems clearly
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