OOPLASMIC REACTION SYSTEMS IN INSECT EMBRYOGENESIS
GERHARD KRAUSE and KLAUS SANDER
Zoologisches Institut der Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
I. Introduction
259
II. Natural and Experimental Conditions Influencing Development
260
A. External Factors
260
B. Internal Factors
261
I I I . Preformed Prerequisites in the Ooplasm
262
A. Egg Dimorphism
263
B. Control Substances
265
C. Control Centres
268
D. Types of Egg Architecture
272
IV. Superficial Cleavage
274
A. Synchronous Mitoses and Collective Migration of Energids
275
B. Vitellophags
277
C. Cleavage in the Future Thorax Region
277
V. Activation
279
A. A Type of Reaction Sequence
280
B. Autonomous Ooplasmic Processes
283
C. Nucleocytoplasmic Interactions
286
VI. Morphogenetic Movements
287
A. Germ Anlage Formation
288
B. Anatrepsis
290
VII. Metameric Organization
291
A. Organ Pattern in the Periplasm
291
B. Antagonistic Polar Prerequisites
294
C. Initial Concentration of Potentialities
297
References
299
I. Introduction
The field of insect embryology has extended tremendously during the
last few decades. Phenogenetics, cytogenetics, biochemistry, physiological investigations concerning insect hormones, the diapause, and
sexual and asexual reproduction have all made new contributions to
insect morphogenesis. Classical analyses of insect embryogenesis were
carried out by Hegner (1908, 1911) on the supposedly mosaic type egg of
the Colorado beetle, and by Seidel (1926-1936) on the regulation type
egg of the damsel fly. Among textbooks (Johannsen and Butt, 1941;
Kühn, 1955; Pflugfelder, 1958; Seidel, 1953; Waddington, 1956; Weber,
1954; and Wigglesworth, 1953) and reviews pertaining to our topic
(Bodenstein, 1955; Counce, 1961; Krause, 1939a, 1958a,b and 1961;
Seidel, 1936, 1952) the most recent especially should be consulted before259