128
C H A R I T Y W A Y M O U T H
trophin, stimulated non-pregnant, and early pre-lactating tissues to
secretion, and preserved the secretory state of the late pre-lactating
glands.
Lucy (1958) has compared the amino acid utilization of two very
different organs—adult mouse prostrate and embryonic chick tibia—
and demonstrated individual patterns of amino acid utilization by each
tissue.
Trowell (1955) was among the first to design a synthetic medium
specifically for a particular organ (see Chapter 2). His medium T A C P I
for rat lymph nodes contains a saline solution of relatively low NaCl
content (0-61 °/o), relatively high glucose (0-4°/o), a mixture of nineteen
amino acids, cocarboxylase, />-aminobenzoic acid and insulin. The lymphocytes could use mannose but not fructose instead of glucose. They
could use thiamine, but cocarboxylase appeared to be slightly superior;
and /?-aminobenzoic acid or folinic acid, but not folic acid. Other
vitamins effected no improvement, and purines and pyrimidines were
either not beneficial or were toxic. Trowell laid much emphasis on the
need of the tissues to obtain access to sufficient oxygen, and recommended an atmosphere of 100°/o oxygen. His work (Trowell, 1959) has
expanded, and he has reported the successful cultivation of a large
range of mature organs of rats and mice, viz. ureter, ductus deferens,
uterus, trachea, arteries, salivary glands, mammary glands, prostate,
seminal vesicle, lung, thyroid, parathyroid, pituitary, pineal, ovary,
skin, white adipose tissue and sympathetic ganglia, as well as lymph
nodes (see p. 71). These tissues could be maintained for 6-9 days in an
improved formula designated T8, differing from T A C P I in containing
fewer amino acids, higher phosphate, and thiamine instead of cocarboxylase. An interesting innovation introduced by Trowell (1959) was
the use of a "reconditioning" medium, consisting of isotonic glucose
and sodium bicarbonate, to replenish the main source of energy and
restore the pH. More recently, Trowell (1962) has introduced medium
T9, which differs from T8 only in a still lower NaCl concentration.
Medium T9 contains only 0-4°/o NaCl, which appears to be optimal
for lymphocytes, though survival of organs other than lymph nodes is
not improved by this reduction in salt concentration. Franks (1961)
has grown mouse prostate in Trowell's T8 medium, and found that
this insulin-containing medium (but not a serum-containing medium)
stimulated epithelial growth. Insulin at about x 100 that in medium
T8, on the other hand, stimulated muscle development. The effects
of hormones and vitamins upon organ cultures were reviewed by
Lasnitzki (1958) (see also Chapters 16 and 17). Though much of this
work has not been done with synthetic media, Lasnitzki herself has
recently made important contributions to the use of chemically defined
C H A R I T Y W A Y M O U T H
trophin, stimulated non-pregnant, and early pre-lactating tissues to
secretion, and preserved the secretory state of the late pre-lactating
glands.
Lucy (1958) has compared the amino acid utilization of two very
different organs—adult mouse prostrate and embryonic chick tibia—
and demonstrated individual patterns of amino acid utilization by each
tissue.
Trowell (1955) was among the first to design a synthetic medium
specifically for a particular organ (see Chapter 2). His medium T A C P I
for rat lymph nodes contains a saline solution of relatively low NaCl
content (0-61 °/o), relatively high glucose (0-4°/o), a mixture of nineteen
amino acids, cocarboxylase, />-aminobenzoic acid and insulin. The lymphocytes could use mannose but not fructose instead of glucose. They
could use thiamine, but cocarboxylase appeared to be slightly superior;
and /?-aminobenzoic acid or folinic acid, but not folic acid. Other
vitamins effected no improvement, and purines and pyrimidines were
either not beneficial or were toxic. Trowell laid much emphasis on the
need of the tissues to obtain access to sufficient oxygen, and recommended an atmosphere of 100°/o oxygen. His work (Trowell, 1959) has
expanded, and he has reported the successful cultivation of a large
range of mature organs of rats and mice, viz. ureter, ductus deferens,
uterus, trachea, arteries, salivary glands, mammary glands, prostate,
seminal vesicle, lung, thyroid, parathyroid, pituitary, pineal, ovary,
skin, white adipose tissue and sympathetic ganglia, as well as lymph
nodes (see p. 71). These tissues could be maintained for 6-9 days in an
improved formula designated T8, differing from T A C P I in containing
fewer amino acids, higher phosphate, and thiamine instead of cocarboxylase. An interesting innovation introduced by Trowell (1959) was
the use of a "reconditioning" medium, consisting of isotonic glucose
and sodium bicarbonate, to replenish the main source of energy and
restore the pH. More recently, Trowell (1962) has introduced medium
T9, which differs from T8 only in a still lower NaCl concentration.
Medium T9 contains only 0-4°/o NaCl, which appears to be optimal
for lymphocytes, though survival of organs other than lymph nodes is
not improved by this reduction in salt concentration. Franks (1961)
has grown mouse prostate in Trowell's T8 medium, and found that
this insulin-containing medium (but not a serum-containing medium)
stimulated epithelial growth. Insulin at about x 100 that in medium
T8, on the other hand, stimulated muscle development. The effects
of hormones and vitamins upon organ cultures were reviewed by
Lasnitzki (1958) (see also Chapters 16 and 17). Though much of this
work has not been done with synthetic media, Lasnitzki herself has
recently made important contributions to the use of chemically defined