X. METHODS IN CAMPYLOBACTER
45 1
and most infections are not diagnosed. Infections are described all over the
world : Africa, America, Australia, Europe, India, Japan, Korea, etc.
Seasonal fluctuations of infection cannot be demonstrated, nor differences
in infection frequency in country or urban areas, or in various social classes
(Ullmann, 1969). The majority of infections have been reported in males
(57%) followed By women (32%) and, newborns or children (11%)
(Bokkenheuser, 1970; Ullmann, 1975). Most human infections are caused
by the subspecies intestinalis, several by the subspeciesfetus (Bokkenheuser,
1970). Recently there have been increasing infections by the subspecies
jejuni, especially in cases of gastroenteritis (King, 1957, 1962; Butzler
et al., 1973; Skirrow, 1977). People who have contact with domestic
animals, farmers, veterinarians and slaughterhouse workers are not often
infected more than others. Most reported cases have not had animal contact. The common features of all infections published are chronic debilitating disease or immunosuppression in the patients. Three possible modes
of acquiring the infection are discussed: (1) direct contact with infected
animals; (2) contamination of food, e.g. milk, vegatables, meat, especially
liver (Soonattrakul et al., 1971); (3) endogenous infection; there are some
reports describing Campylobacter as a transient part of the normal flora of
the gastrointestinal tract in man (Slee, 1972; Butzler et al., 1977).
REFERENCES
Berg, R. L., Jutila, J. W. and Firehammer, B. D. (1971). A m . J . vet. Res. 32, 11-22.
Bingol, R. and Blobel, H. (1970). Zbl. Bukt. Abt. I Orig. 215, 316-319.
Bingol, R., Blobel, €I. and Scharmann, W. (1969). Zbl. Vet. Med. B 16, 799-807.
Bisping, W., Langenegger, J. and Winkenwerder, W. (1964). D t . tierurztl. Vschr.
Bisping, W. (1974). D t . tierarztl. Wschr. 87, 330-333.
Bokkenheuser, V. (1970). Am. J. Epidemiol. 91, 400-409.
Bokkenheuser, V. (1972). Infect. Immun. 5, 222-226.
Brown, W. J. and Sautter, R. (1977). .7. clin. Microbiol. 6, 72-75.
Bryner, J. H., Bermann, D. T. and Ritchie, A. E. (1968). Buct. Proc. 115.
Bryner, J. H., Ritchie, A. E., Foley, J. W. and Berman, D. T. (1970). J. Virol. 6,
Butzler, J.-P., Dekeyser, P., Detrain, M. and Dehaen, F. (1973). J. Pediut. 82,
Butzler, J. P., Dekeyser, P. and Lafontaine, T. (1974). Antimicrob. Ag. Chemother.
Butzler, J.-P., Dereume, J.-P., Barbier, P., Smekens, L. and Dekeyser, J. (1977).
Chang, W. and Ogg, E. (1970). Am. J. vet. Res. 31, 919-924.
Chang, W. and Ogg, E. (1971). Am. J. vet. Res. 32, 649-653.
Chow, A. M., Patten, V. and Bednorz, N. (1977). 17th Intersci. Conf. Antimicrob.
Dekeyser, P., Gossuin-Detrain, M., Butzler, J.-P. and Sternon, J. (1972). J
71, 285-291.
94-99.
493-495.
5, 86-89.
Nouv. Presse mkd. 6, 1033-1035.
Ag. Chemother, New York, Abstract No. 59.
infect. Dis. 125, 390-392.
45 1
and most infections are not diagnosed. Infections are described all over the
world : Africa, America, Australia, Europe, India, Japan, Korea, etc.
Seasonal fluctuations of infection cannot be demonstrated, nor differences
in infection frequency in country or urban areas, or in various social classes
(Ullmann, 1969). The majority of infections have been reported in males
(57%) followed By women (32%) and, newborns or children (11%)
(Bokkenheuser, 1970; Ullmann, 1975). Most human infections are caused
by the subspecies intestinalis, several by the subspeciesfetus (Bokkenheuser,
1970). Recently there have been increasing infections by the subspecies
jejuni, especially in cases of gastroenteritis (King, 1957, 1962; Butzler
et al., 1973; Skirrow, 1977). People who have contact with domestic
animals, farmers, veterinarians and slaughterhouse workers are not often
infected more than others. Most reported cases have not had animal contact. The common features of all infections published are chronic debilitating disease or immunosuppression in the patients. Three possible modes
of acquiring the infection are discussed: (1) direct contact with infected
animals; (2) contamination of food, e.g. milk, vegatables, meat, especially
liver (Soonattrakul et al., 1971); (3) endogenous infection; there are some
reports describing Campylobacter as a transient part of the normal flora of
the gastrointestinal tract in man (Slee, 1972; Butzler et al., 1977).
REFERENCES
Berg, R. L., Jutila, J. W. and Firehammer, B. D. (1971). A m . J . vet. Res. 32, 11-22.
Bingol, R. and Blobel, H. (1970). Zbl. Bukt. Abt. I Orig. 215, 316-319.
Bingol, R., Blobel, €I. and Scharmann, W. (1969). Zbl. Vet. Med. B 16, 799-807.
Bisping, W., Langenegger, J. and Winkenwerder, W. (1964). D t . tierurztl. Vschr.
Bisping, W. (1974). D t . tierarztl. Wschr. 87, 330-333.
Bokkenheuser, V. (1970). Am. J. Epidemiol. 91, 400-409.
Bokkenheuser, V. (1972). Infect. Immun. 5, 222-226.
Brown, W. J. and Sautter, R. (1977). .7. clin. Microbiol. 6, 72-75.
Bryner, J. H., Bermann, D. T. and Ritchie, A. E. (1968). Buct. Proc. 115.
Bryner, J. H., Ritchie, A. E., Foley, J. W. and Berman, D. T. (1970). J. Virol. 6,
Butzler, J.-P., Dekeyser, P., Detrain, M. and Dehaen, F. (1973). J. Pediut. 82,
Butzler, J. P., Dekeyser, P. and Lafontaine, T. (1974). Antimicrob. Ag. Chemother.
Butzler, J.-P., Dereume, J.-P., Barbier, P., Smekens, L. and Dekeyser, J. (1977).
Chang, W. and Ogg, E. (1970). Am. J. vet. Res. 31, 919-924.
Chang, W. and Ogg, E. (1971). Am. J. vet. Res. 32, 649-653.
Chow, A. M., Patten, V. and Bednorz, N. (1977). 17th Intersci. Conf. Antimicrob.
Dekeyser, P., Gossuin-Detrain, M., Butzler, J.-P. and Sternon, J. (1972). J
71, 285-291.
94-99.
493-495.
5, 86-89.
Nouv. Presse mkd. 6, 1033-1035.
Ag. Chemother, New York, Abstract No. 59.
infect. Dis. 125, 390-392.