8
I.
Introduction
energy. Structural features of upstream watershed projects, lands for
recreation, and all other appurtenances to water resource development
projects are included in the cost estimates.
To optimize the benefits from the invested capital, projects cannot be
evaluated by considering each element in the project individually. Projects
can be envisioned, planned for, and designed correctly only when they are
considered as components of the overall development within a region. In
the context of the development of water resources, unified development is
achieved by multiunit, multipurpose systems; that is, each unit of the system, such as a dam, can serve many purposes—irrigation, energy, flood
control, and recreation—and also can be combined with other units in the
system to serve the total demands on the system.
For a plan to be really comprehensive, it should aim at the optimum
development of all resources of a river basin, including land, water, and
other natural resources. The idea that the unified development of the water
and other natural resources of a drainage basin could promote economic
development and positive social change was first demonstrated in the
Tennessee Valley under the aegis of the Tennessee Valley Authority
(TVA) [White, 1965]. The TV A planned and executed the first largescale multiunit, multipurpose river development in the world [Maass,
1962]. Flood control, navigation, and hydroelectric energy generation
were the manifest purposes of the development. The success of the TVA's
work has led to the foundation of similar authorities in countries as disparate as India, Pakistan, Colombia, and Mexico [Barkin and King,
1970; Posada and de Posada, 1966; Sen, 1969].
The unified development of water resources has gained general acceptance at the national and state levels in the United States [U.S. Congress
Senate, 1962; California State Water Resources Board, 1957; Texas Water
Development Board, 1968]. This concept has been defined by the President's Water Resources Council:
River basins are usually the most appropriate geographical units for planning
the use and development of water and related land resources in a way that will
realize fully the advantage of multiple use, reconcile competitive uses, and
coordinate mutual responsibilities of different agencies and levels of government
and other interests concerned with water use/, . . Despite this primary confinement to an area, the fact should be recognized that planning also requires consideration of pertinent physical, economic, and social factors beyond the area.
To the extent feasible, programs and projects shall be formulated as part of a
comprehensive plan for a river basin or other area, and the report proposing development shall indicate the relationship to the comprehensive plan. When a
program or project has been formulated independently and not as part of a comprehensive plan, the report shall indicate, to the extent practicable, the relationship
I.
Introduction
energy. Structural features of upstream watershed projects, lands for
recreation, and all other appurtenances to water resource development
projects are included in the cost estimates.
To optimize the benefits from the invested capital, projects cannot be
evaluated by considering each element in the project individually. Projects
can be envisioned, planned for, and designed correctly only when they are
considered as components of the overall development within a region. In
the context of the development of water resources, unified development is
achieved by multiunit, multipurpose systems; that is, each unit of the system, such as a dam, can serve many purposes—irrigation, energy, flood
control, and recreation—and also can be combined with other units in the
system to serve the total demands on the system.
For a plan to be really comprehensive, it should aim at the optimum
development of all resources of a river basin, including land, water, and
other natural resources. The idea that the unified development of the water
and other natural resources of a drainage basin could promote economic
development and positive social change was first demonstrated in the
Tennessee Valley under the aegis of the Tennessee Valley Authority
(TVA) [White, 1965]. The TV A planned and executed the first largescale multiunit, multipurpose river development in the world [Maass,
1962]. Flood control, navigation, and hydroelectric energy generation
were the manifest purposes of the development. The success of the TVA's
work has led to the foundation of similar authorities in countries as disparate as India, Pakistan, Colombia, and Mexico [Barkin and King,
1970; Posada and de Posada, 1966; Sen, 1969].
The unified development of water resources has gained general acceptance at the national and state levels in the United States [U.S. Congress
Senate, 1962; California State Water Resources Board, 1957; Texas Water
Development Board, 1968]. This concept has been defined by the President's Water Resources Council:
River basins are usually the most appropriate geographical units for planning
the use and development of water and related land resources in a way that will
realize fully the advantage of multiple use, reconcile competitive uses, and
coordinate mutual responsibilities of different agencies and levels of government
and other interests concerned with water use/, . . Despite this primary confinement to an area, the fact should be recognized that planning also requires consideration of pertinent physical, economic, and social factors beyond the area.
To the extent feasible, programs and projects shall be formulated as part of a
comprehensive plan for a river basin or other area, and the report proposing development shall indicate the relationship to the comprehensive plan. When a
program or project has been formulated independently and not as part of a comprehensive plan, the report shall indicate, to the extent practicable, the relationship