10.
REFERENCES
345
going into solution. Therefore, if a thick primary replica is required,
there is not serious difficulty in dissolving it without damage to a thin
carbon secondary replica. Resins, however, tend to be brittle and will not
stand much deformation during mechanical stripping. Therefore they
have not enjoyed wide usage.
It will be apparent from the foregoing that although replication is
simple in principle, it is widely variable in practice. Certain types of
problems can be handled routinely. New problems, however, are apt to
pose technical difficulties, and success will depend partly upon a reasonable selection of materials and method, as well as partly upon the ingenuity, dexterity, and perseverance of the investigator.
LITERATURE CITED
Anderson, T. F. (1951). Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 13, 130.
Anderson, T. F. (1953). Compt.
Rend.
Prem.
Congr. Intern.
Microscop.
Electron.,
Paris,
1950, p. 567.
Backus, R. C, and Williams, R. C (1949). /. Am. Chem. Soc. 71, 4052.
Backus, R. C, and Williams, R. C. (1950). J. Appl. Phys. 21, 11.
Bradley, D. E. (1954). Brit. J. Appl.
Phys. 5, 65 and 96.
Bradley, D. E. (1959). Brit. J. Appl.
Phys.
10, 198.
Hall, C. E. (1956). /. Biophys.
Biochem.
Cytol. 2, 625.
Home, R. W., and Nagington, J. (1959). /. Mol. Biol. 1, 333.
Mahl, H. (1940). Z. tech. Physik
21, 17.
Nixon, H. L., and Fisher, H. L. (1958). Brit. J. Appl. Phys. 9, 68.
Schaefer, V. J., and Harker, D. (1942). /. Appl. Phys. 13, 427.
Schmitt, F. O., Hall, C E., and Jakus, M. A. (1942). /. Cell. Comp.
Physiol.
20, 11.
Steere, R. L. (1957). /. Biophys.
Biochem.
Cytol. 3, 45.
Williams, R. C (1953). Exptl.
Cell. Research
4, 188.
Williams, R. C, and Wyckoff, R. W. G. (1944). /. Appl.
Phys.
15, 712.
GENERAL REFERENCES
Bradley, D. E. (1956). Uses of carbon replicas in electron microscopy. /. Appl.
Phys.
27, 1399-1412. (The title is apt.)
Bradley, D. E. (1961). Replica and shadowing techniques. In "Techniques for Electron
Microscopy" (D. Kay, ed.), Chapter 5. Charles C Thomas, Springfield, Illinois. (A
nearly complete listing of variant and special techniques published through 1960,
together with a table listing 45 applications.)
Wyckoff, R. W. G. (1949). "Electron Microscopy." Interscience, New York. (Emphasis
upon techniques of replication and shadow casting with much lore that remains
valuable today.)
REFERENCES
345
going into solution. Therefore, if a thick primary replica is required,
there is not serious difficulty in dissolving it without damage to a thin
carbon secondary replica. Resins, however, tend to be brittle and will not
stand much deformation during mechanical stripping. Therefore they
have not enjoyed wide usage.
It will be apparent from the foregoing that although replication is
simple in principle, it is widely variable in practice. Certain types of
problems can be handled routinely. New problems, however, are apt to
pose technical difficulties, and success will depend partly upon a reasonable selection of materials and method, as well as partly upon the ingenuity, dexterity, and perseverance of the investigator.
LITERATURE CITED
Anderson, T. F. (1951). Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 13, 130.
Anderson, T. F. (1953). Compt.
Rend.
Prem.
Congr. Intern.
Microscop.
Electron.,
Paris,
1950, p. 567.
Backus, R. C, and Williams, R. C (1949). /. Am. Chem. Soc. 71, 4052.
Backus, R. C, and Williams, R. C. (1950). J. Appl. Phys. 21, 11.
Bradley, D. E. (1954). Brit. J. Appl.
Phys. 5, 65 and 96.
Bradley, D. E. (1959). Brit. J. Appl.
Phys.
10, 198.
Hall, C. E. (1956). /. Biophys.
Biochem.
Cytol. 2, 625.
Home, R. W., and Nagington, J. (1959). /. Mol. Biol. 1, 333.
Mahl, H. (1940). Z. tech. Physik
21, 17.
Nixon, H. L., and Fisher, H. L. (1958). Brit. J. Appl. Phys. 9, 68.
Schaefer, V. J., and Harker, D. (1942). /. Appl. Phys. 13, 427.
Schmitt, F. O., Hall, C E., and Jakus, M. A. (1942). /. Cell. Comp.
Physiol.
20, 11.
Steere, R. L. (1957). /. Biophys.
Biochem.
Cytol. 3, 45.
Williams, R. C (1953). Exptl.
Cell. Research
4, 188.
Williams, R. C, and Wyckoff, R. W. G. (1944). /. Appl.
Phys.
15, 712.
GENERAL REFERENCES
Bradley, D. E. (1956). Uses of carbon replicas in electron microscopy. /. Appl.
Phys.
27, 1399-1412. (The title is apt.)
Bradley, D. E. (1961). Replica and shadowing techniques. In "Techniques for Electron
Microscopy" (D. Kay, ed.), Chapter 5. Charles C Thomas, Springfield, Illinois. (A
nearly complete listing of variant and special techniques published through 1960,
together with a table listing 45 applications.)
Wyckoff, R. W. G. (1949). "Electron Microscopy." Interscience, New York. (Emphasis
upon techniques of replication and shadow casting with much lore that remains
valuable today.)