MIXING RATE A N D TEMPERATURE IN STRATIFIED WATERS
35 1
CONCLUSIONS
It is concluded that (a) a contaminant injected in a subsurface layer of
stratified wa!ers will become distributed in layers related to the current and
density conditions in the water; due to trapping of layers they can be very
persistent; and (b) the vertical mixing rates arc low; the observations favour
the interpretation of the mixing as an intermittent process mainly governed
by shear instabilities.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The work carried out in the sea has been supported by the Nordic University Group of
physical oceanography and the Lake Ontario work by Canada Centrr for Inland Waters and
the International Field Year for the Great Lakes. The most valuable assistance of Mr. H.
Westerberg in these experiments is greatfully acknowledged, as is the excellent cooperation with
the various ships’ crews involved.
REFERENCES
Frankignoul, C. J. (1972). Stability of finite amplitude internal waves in a shear flow. Geophys.
Garrett, C., and Munk, W. (1972a). Space-line scales of internal waves. Geophys. Fluid Dyn. 2.
Garrett, C., and Munk, W. (1972b). Oceanic mixing by breaking internal waves. Deep-sea Res.
Gregg, M. C., and Cox, C. S. (1972). The vertical microatructure of temperature and salinity.
Kullenberg, G. (1969). Measurements of horizontal and vertical diffusion in coastal waters.
Kullenberg. G. (1971). Vertical diffusion in shallow waters. Tellus 23, 129-135.
Kullenberg, G. (1973). “Data Report on Diffusion Experiments.” Inst. Phys. Oceanogr., Univ.
of Copenhagen, Copenhagen.
Kullenberg, G., Murthy, C. R., Westerberg, H., and Miners, K. (1972). ”An Experimental Study
of Diffusion Characteristics in the Thennocline and Hypolimnion Regions of Lake Ontario,“ Data Rep. Can. Cent. Inland Waters,
Orlanski, I., and Bryan. K. (1969). Formations of the thermocline step structure by largeamplitude internal gravity waves. J . Geophys. Res. 74, 6975-6983.
Stern, M. E. (1960). The “salt-fountain” and thermohaline convection. Tellur 12(2), 172- 175.
Stern, M. E. (1967). Lateral mixing of water masses. Deep-sea R a Oreanogr. Abstr. 14.747-753.
Stern, M. E., and Turner, J. S (1969). Salt fingers and convecting layers. Deep-sea Res. OceanTurner, J. S. (1965). Thc coupled turbulent transport of salt and hapt across a sharp demity
Wirtz. R. A., Briggs, D. G., and Chen, C. F. (1972). Physical and numerical experiments on
Woods, J. D., and Wiley, R. L. (1972). Billow turbulence and ocean miaostructure. Deep-sea
Fluid Dyn. 4. 91-99.
225-264.
Oceanogr. Absrr. 19, 823-832.
Deep-sea Res. Oceanogr. Abstr. 19, 355-376.
Acto Reyiae SOC. Sci. Lit?. Gothoburgensis, Geophy.5. 2, 52 pp.
ogr. Abstr. 16. 497-5 1 I.
interface. In?. J. Hear Mass Transfer 8, 759-767.
layered convection in B density-stratified fluid. Geophys. Fhid Dyn. 3, 265-288.
Res. Oceanoyr. Abstr. 19, 87-121.
35 1
CONCLUSIONS
It is concluded that (a) a contaminant injected in a subsurface layer of
stratified wa!ers will become distributed in layers related to the current and
density conditions in the water; due to trapping of layers they can be very
persistent; and (b) the vertical mixing rates arc low; the observations favour
the interpretation of the mixing as an intermittent process mainly governed
by shear instabilities.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The work carried out in the sea has been supported by the Nordic University Group of
physical oceanography and the Lake Ontario work by Canada Centrr for Inland Waters and
the International Field Year for the Great Lakes. The most valuable assistance of Mr. H.
Westerberg in these experiments is greatfully acknowledged, as is the excellent cooperation with
the various ships’ crews involved.
REFERENCES
Frankignoul, C. J. (1972). Stability of finite amplitude internal waves in a shear flow. Geophys.
Garrett, C., and Munk, W. (1972a). Space-line scales of internal waves. Geophys. Fluid Dyn. 2.
Garrett, C., and Munk, W. (1972b). Oceanic mixing by breaking internal waves. Deep-sea Res.
Gregg, M. C., and Cox, C. S. (1972). The vertical microatructure of temperature and salinity.
Kullenberg, G. (1969). Measurements of horizontal and vertical diffusion in coastal waters.
Kullenberg. G. (1971). Vertical diffusion in shallow waters. Tellus 23, 129-135.
Kullenberg, G. (1973). “Data Report on Diffusion Experiments.” Inst. Phys. Oceanogr., Univ.
of Copenhagen, Copenhagen.
Kullenberg, G., Murthy, C. R., Westerberg, H., and Miners, K. (1972). ”An Experimental Study
of Diffusion Characteristics in the Thennocline and Hypolimnion Regions of Lake Ontario,“ Data Rep. Can. Cent. Inland Waters,
Orlanski, I., and Bryan. K. (1969). Formations of the thermocline step structure by largeamplitude internal gravity waves. J . Geophys. Res. 74, 6975-6983.
Stern, M. E. (1960). The “salt-fountain” and thermohaline convection. Tellur 12(2), 172- 175.
Stern, M. E. (1967). Lateral mixing of water masses. Deep-sea R a Oreanogr. Abstr. 14.747-753.
Stern, M. E., and Turner, J. S (1969). Salt fingers and convecting layers. Deep-sea Res. OceanTurner, J. S. (1965). Thc coupled turbulent transport of salt and hapt across a sharp demity
Wirtz. R. A., Briggs, D. G., and Chen, C. F. (1972). Physical and numerical experiments on
Woods, J. D., and Wiley, R. L. (1972). Billow turbulence and ocean miaostructure. Deep-sea
Fluid Dyn. 4. 91-99.
225-264.
Oceanogr. Absrr. 19, 823-832.
Deep-sea Res. Oceanogr. Abstr. 19, 355-376.
Acto Reyiae SOC. Sci. Lit?. Gothoburgensis, Geophy.5. 2, 52 pp.
ogr. Abstr. 16. 497-5 1 I.
interface. In?. J. Hear Mass Transfer 8, 759-767.
layered convection in B density-stratified fluid. Geophys. Fhid Dyn. 3, 265-288.
Res. Oceanoyr. Abstr. 19, 87-121.