Figure 1 The increase
since between 1900 and
1970 of SO
emissions in
Europe mirroring energy
use
Figure 2 Long-term
historical evolution of the
energy intensity (smoothed
curves) of five
industrialized countries
and the projected trend for
developing countries
(redrawn in part from
ref. 3)
a unit product) will take many years to achieve in some of the less-developed
countries.
Defensive Expenditures
In highly-developed industrialized regions of the World, such as Europe, North
America and Japan, one aspect of economic development that gives a good
indication of the serious nature of the pollution that has followed in its wake is the
annual cost incurred on ‘defensive expenditure’. These defensive expenditures
B. Fjeld, Forbruk av fossilt brennsle i Europa og Utslipp av SO 2 i perioden 1900—1972, NILU Teknisk
Notat 1/76, 1976.
J. M. Martin, 1988. L’intensite´ e´ nerge´ tique de l’activite´ e´ conomique: les e´ volutions de tre` s longues
pe´ riodes livrent-elles des enseignements utiles, Economie et Socie´ te´ s, 1988, 49, 27.
J. C. I. Kuylenstierna, W. K. Hicks and M. J. Chadwick
22