10 Groundwater 238
• Importance of Groundwater 240
Groundwater—A Basic Resource 242
• Distribution of Groundwater 243
• The Water Table 243
Variations in the Water Table 243
Interaction between Groundwater and Streams 244
Factors Influencing the Storage and Movement
of Groundwater 245
Porosity 245
Permeability, Aquitards, and Aquifers 245
How Groundwater Moves 245
A Simple Groundwater Flow System 246
Measuring Groundwater Movement 246
• Springs 247
• Wells 247
• Artesian Wells 248
Environmental Problems Associated with
Groundwater 250
Treating Groundwater as a Nonrenewable
Resource 250
Land Subsidence Caused by Groundwater
Withdrawal 250
Groundwater Contamination 251
Hot Springs and Geysers 252
Geothermal Energy 254
The Geologic Work of Groundwater 255
Caverns 255
Karst Topography 256
THE CHAPTER IN REVIEW 258 KEY TERMS 258
GIVE IT SOME THOUGHT 259 COMPANION
WEBSITE 259
11 Glaciers
and Glaciation 260
• Glaciers: A Part of Two Basic Cycles 262
Valley (Alpine) Glaciers 263
Ice Sheets 263
Other Types of Glaciers 264
What if the Ice Melted? 264
• Formation and Movement of Glacial Ice 265
Glacial Ice Formation 265
How Glaciers Move 266
Rates of Glacial Movement 266
Budget of a Glacier 267
Glacial Erosion 269
• Landforms Created by Glacial Erosion 270
Glaciated Valleys 271
Arêtes and Horns 272
Roches Moutonnées 273
• Glacial Deposits 274
Types of Glacial Drift 274
Moraines, Outwash Plains, and Kettles 275
Drumlins, Eskers, and Kames 277
Other Effects of Ice Age Glaciers 278
Crustal Subsidence and Rebound 278
Sea-Level Changes 278
Rivers Before and After the Ice Age 278
Ice Dams Create Proglacial Lakes 279
Pluvial Lakes 280
Glaciers of the Ice Age 280
Causes of Glaciation 281
Plate Tectonics 281
Variations in Earth’ s Orbit 282
Other Factors 283
THE CHAPTER IN REVIEW 284 KEY TERMS 284
GIVE IT SOME THOUGHT 285 COMPANION
WEBSITE 285
12 Deserts and Wind 286
• Distribution and Causes of Dry Lands 288
Low-Latitude Deserts 289
Middle-Latitude Deserts 289
xii xii
GEODe
ESSENTIALS
OF GEOLOGY
• Indicates sections with a corresponding
GEODe activity on mygeoscienceplace.com.
• Importance of Groundwater 240
Groundwater—A Basic Resource 242
• Distribution of Groundwater 243
• The Water Table 243
Variations in the Water Table 243
Interaction between Groundwater and Streams 244
Factors Influencing the Storage and Movement
of Groundwater 245
Porosity 245
Permeability, Aquitards, and Aquifers 245
How Groundwater Moves 245
A Simple Groundwater Flow System 246
Measuring Groundwater Movement 246
• Springs 247
• Wells 247
• Artesian Wells 248
Environmental Problems Associated with
Groundwater 250
Treating Groundwater as a Nonrenewable
Resource 250
Land Subsidence Caused by Groundwater
Withdrawal 250
Groundwater Contamination 251
Hot Springs and Geysers 252
Geothermal Energy 254
The Geologic Work of Groundwater 255
Caverns 255
Karst Topography 256
THE CHAPTER IN REVIEW 258 KEY TERMS 258
GIVE IT SOME THOUGHT 259 COMPANION
WEBSITE 259
11 Glaciers
and Glaciation 260
• Glaciers: A Part of Two Basic Cycles 262
Valley (Alpine) Glaciers 263
Ice Sheets 263
Other Types of Glaciers 264
What if the Ice Melted? 264
• Formation and Movement of Glacial Ice 265
Glacial Ice Formation 265
How Glaciers Move 266
Rates of Glacial Movement 266
Budget of a Glacier 267
Glacial Erosion 269
• Landforms Created by Glacial Erosion 270
Glaciated Valleys 271
Arêtes and Horns 272
Roches Moutonnées 273
• Glacial Deposits 274
Types of Glacial Drift 274
Moraines, Outwash Plains, and Kettles 275
Drumlins, Eskers, and Kames 277
Other Effects of Ice Age Glaciers 278
Crustal Subsidence and Rebound 278
Sea-Level Changes 278
Rivers Before and After the Ice Age 278
Ice Dams Create Proglacial Lakes 279
Pluvial Lakes 280
Glaciers of the Ice Age 280
Causes of Glaciation 281
Plate Tectonics 281
Variations in Earth’ s Orbit 282
Other Factors 283
THE CHAPTER IN REVIEW 284 KEY TERMS 284
GIVE IT SOME THOUGHT 285 COMPANION
WEBSITE 285
12 Deserts and Wind 286
• Distribution and Causes of Dry Lands 288
Low-Latitude Deserts 289
Middle-Latitude Deserts 289
xii xii
GEODe
ESSENTIALS
OF GEOLOGY
• Indicates sections with a corresponding
GEODe activity on mygeoscienceplace.com.