x
Plants and Animals 136
Topography 137
The Soil Profile 137
Classifying Soils 138
Clearing the Tropical Rain Forest—A Case
Study of Human Impact on Soil 140
Soil Erosion 141
How Soil Is Eroded 141
Rates of Erosion 142
Sedimentation and Chemical Pollution 143
Weathering and Ore Deposits 144
Bauxite 144
Other Deposits 145
THE CHAPTER IN REVIEW 146 KEY TERMS
146 GIVE IT SOME THOUGHT 147
COMPANION WEBSITE 147
6 Sedimentary Rocks 148
The Importance of Sedimentary Rocks 150
• Origins of Sedimentary Rock 150
• Detrital Sedimentary Rocks 152
Shale 152
Sandstone 153
Conglomerate and Breccia 155
• Chemical Sedimentary Rocks 156
Limestone 156
Dolostone 158
Chert 158
Evaporites 159
Coal—An Organic Sedimentary Rock 160
Turning Sediment into Sedimentary Rock:
Diagenesis and Lithification 161
Classification of Sedimentary Rocks 162
• Sedimentary Rocks Represent Past
Environments 163
Sedimentary Structures 166
Nonmetallic Mineral Resources from
Sedimentary Rocks 168
Energy Resources from Sedimentary Rocks 169
Coal 170
Oil and Natural Gas 171
The Carbon Cycle and Sedimentary Rocks 171
THE CHAPTER IN REVIEW 174 KEY TERMS 174
GIVE IT SOME THOUGHT 174 COMPANION
WEBSITE 174
7 Metamorphism and
Metamorphic Rocks 176
• What Is Metamorphism? 178
• What Drives Metamorphism? 178
Heat as a Metamorphic Agent 178
Confining Pressure and Differential Stress 180
Chemically Active Fluids 181
The Importance of Parent Rock 181
• Metamorphic Textures 181
Foliation 182
Foliated Textures 183
Other Metamorphic Textures 184
• Common Metamorphic Rocks 185
Foliated Rocks 186
Nonfoliated Rocks 187
Metamorphic Environments 188
Contact or Thermal Metamorphism 188
Hydrothermal Metamorphism 189
Burial and Subduction Zone Metamorphism 190
Regional Metamorphism 190
Other Metamorphic Environments 190
Metamorphic Zones 191
Textural Variations 191
Index Minerals and Metamorphic Grade 192
THE CHAPTER IN REVIEW 194 KEY TERMS
194 GIVE IT SOME
THOUGHT 194
COMPANION
WEBSITE 195
GEODe
ESSENTIALS
OF GEOLOGY
• Indicates sections with a corresponding
GEODe activity on mygeoscienceplace.com.
Plants and Animals 136
Topography 137
The Soil Profile 137
Classifying Soils 138
Clearing the Tropical Rain Forest—A Case
Study of Human Impact on Soil 140
Soil Erosion 141
How Soil Is Eroded 141
Rates of Erosion 142
Sedimentation and Chemical Pollution 143
Weathering and Ore Deposits 144
Bauxite 144
Other Deposits 145
THE CHAPTER IN REVIEW 146 KEY TERMS
146 GIVE IT SOME THOUGHT 147
COMPANION WEBSITE 147
6 Sedimentary Rocks 148
The Importance of Sedimentary Rocks 150
• Origins of Sedimentary Rock 150
• Detrital Sedimentary Rocks 152
Shale 152
Sandstone 153
Conglomerate and Breccia 155
• Chemical Sedimentary Rocks 156
Limestone 156
Dolostone 158
Chert 158
Evaporites 159
Coal—An Organic Sedimentary Rock 160
Turning Sediment into Sedimentary Rock:
Diagenesis and Lithification 161
Classification of Sedimentary Rocks 162
• Sedimentary Rocks Represent Past
Environments 163
Sedimentary Structures 166
Nonmetallic Mineral Resources from
Sedimentary Rocks 168
Energy Resources from Sedimentary Rocks 169
Coal 170
Oil and Natural Gas 171
The Carbon Cycle and Sedimentary Rocks 171
THE CHAPTER IN REVIEW 174 KEY TERMS 174
GIVE IT SOME THOUGHT 174 COMPANION
WEBSITE 174
7 Metamorphism and
Metamorphic Rocks 176
• What Is Metamorphism? 178
• What Drives Metamorphism? 178
Heat as a Metamorphic Agent 178
Confining Pressure and Differential Stress 180
Chemically Active Fluids 181
The Importance of Parent Rock 181
• Metamorphic Textures 181
Foliation 182
Foliated Textures 183
Other Metamorphic Textures 184
• Common Metamorphic Rocks 185
Foliated Rocks 186
Nonfoliated Rocks 187
Metamorphic Environments 188
Contact or Thermal Metamorphism 188
Hydrothermal Metamorphism 189
Burial and Subduction Zone Metamorphism 190
Regional Metamorphism 190
Other Metamorphic Environments 190
Metamorphic Zones 191
Textural Variations 191
Index Minerals and Metamorphic Grade 192
THE CHAPTER IN REVIEW 194 KEY TERMS
194 GIVE IT SOME
THOUGHT 194
COMPANION
WEBSITE 195
GEODe
ESSENTIALS
OF GEOLOGY
• Indicates sections with a corresponding
GEODe activity on mygeoscienceplace.com.