viii
Contents
Case 4—Small-Amplitude Response to Trade Wind
Seasonality
65
Case 5—Large-Amplitude Response to Monsoon-like
Reversal of Trade Winds
66
Case 6—Intermittent Production at Coastal Divergences
66
Coastal Asymmetry, Geomorphology, and Tidal Forcing
67
5 Nutrient Limitation: The Example of Iron
71
Nutrient Distribution and the Consequences of Differing
Supply Ratios
72
Regional Anomalies in Nutrient Limitation
78
Models of Regional Nutrient Flux and Limitation
83
6 Biomes: The Primary Partition
89
The Four Primary Biomes of the Upper Ocean
90
Polar Biome
94
Westerlies Biome
95
Trades Biome
97
Coastal Biome
99
7 Provinces: The Secondary Compartments
103
Ecological Provinces in the Open Ocean
105
Ways of Testing Static Province Boundaries in the Open Ocean
110
A Statistical Test
110
Analytical Tests
111
Biogeographic Tests
112
Practicable and Useful Partitions in Coastal Seas
113
8 Longer Term Responses: From Seasons to Centuries
115
Scales of External Forcing
116
Recurrent, ENSO-Scale Changes of State
118
Multidecadal Trends and Changes
123
Conclusion: Stable Partitions in a Varying Ocean?
128
9 The Atlantic Ocean
131
Atlantic Polar Biome
132
Boreal Polar Province (BPLR)
132
Atlantic Arctic Province (ARCT)
142
Atlantic Subarctic Province (SARC)
148
Atlantic Westerly Winds Biome
156
North Atlantic Drift Province (NADR)
157
Gulf Stream Province (GFST)
163
Contents
Case 4—Small-Amplitude Response to Trade Wind
Seasonality
65
Case 5—Large-Amplitude Response to Monsoon-like
Reversal of Trade Winds
66
Case 6—Intermittent Production at Coastal Divergences
66
Coastal Asymmetry, Geomorphology, and Tidal Forcing
67
5 Nutrient Limitation: The Example of Iron
71
Nutrient Distribution and the Consequences of Differing
Supply Ratios
72
Regional Anomalies in Nutrient Limitation
78
Models of Regional Nutrient Flux and Limitation
83
6 Biomes: The Primary Partition
89
The Four Primary Biomes of the Upper Ocean
90
Polar Biome
94
Westerlies Biome
95
Trades Biome
97
Coastal Biome
99
7 Provinces: The Secondary Compartments
103
Ecological Provinces in the Open Ocean
105
Ways of Testing Static Province Boundaries in the Open Ocean
110
A Statistical Test
110
Analytical Tests
111
Biogeographic Tests
112
Practicable and Useful Partitions in Coastal Seas
113
8 Longer Term Responses: From Seasons to Centuries
115
Scales of External Forcing
116
Recurrent, ENSO-Scale Changes of State
118
Multidecadal Trends and Changes
123
Conclusion: Stable Partitions in a Varying Ocean?
128
9 The Atlantic Ocean
131
Atlantic Polar Biome
132
Boreal Polar Province (BPLR)
132
Atlantic Arctic Province (ARCT)
142
Atlantic Subarctic Province (SARC)
148
Atlantic Westerly Winds Biome
156
North Atlantic Drift Province (NADR)
157
Gulf Stream Province (GFST)
163