57
Collins SL, Wallace LL (1990) Fire in North American tallgrass prairie. University of Oklahoma
Press, Norman, Oklahoma
Doughty RW (1983) Wildlife and man in Texas: environmental change and conservation. Texas A
& M University Press, College Station, TX
Ehrenfeld JG (2010) Ecosystem consequences of biological invasions. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst
41:59–80
Fuhlendorf SD, Archer SR, Smeins FE, Engle DM, Taylor CA Jr (2008) The combined infl uence
of grazing, fi re, and herbaceous productivity on tree-grass interactions. In: Van Auken OW (ed)
Western North American Juniperus communities: a dynamic vegetation type, vol 196. Springer,
New York, pp 219–238
Heitschmidt RK, Struth JW (1991) Grazing management: an ecological perspective. Timberline
Press, Portland
Humphrey RR (1958) The desert grassland: a history of vegetational change and an analysis of
causes. Bot Rev 24:193–252
Inglis JM (1964) A history of vegetation on the Rio Grande plain. Texas Parks and Wildlife
Department. Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Austin, Texas
Jurena PN, Van Auken OW (1998) Woody plant recruitment under canopies of two acacias in a
southwestern Texas shrubland. Southwestern Nat 43:195–203
Knapp AK, Briggs JM, Collins SL, Archer SR (2008a) Shrub encroachment in North American
grasslands: shifts in growth form dominance rapidly alters control of ecosystem carbon inputs.
Glob Change Biol 14:615–623
Knapp AK, McCarron JK, Silletti GA, Hoch GL, Heisler MS, Lett JM, Blair JM et al (2008b)
Ecological consequences of the replacement of native grassland by Juniperus virginiana and
other woody plants. In: Van Auken OW (ed) Western North American Juniperus communities:
a dynamic vegetation type, vol 196. Springer, New York, pp 156–169
McKinley DC, Blair JM (2008) Woody plant encroachment by Juniperus virginiana in a mesic
native grassland promotes rapid carbon and nitrogen accrual. Ecosystems 11:454–468
McKinley DC, Rice CW, Blair JM (2008a) Conversion of grassland to coniferous woodland has
limited effects on soil nitrogen cycle processes. Soil Biol Biochem 40:2627–2633
McKinley DC, Morris MD, Blair JM, Johnson LC (2008b) Altered ecosystem processes as a consequence of Juniperus virginiana L. encroachment into North American tallgrass prairie. In:
Van Auken OW (ed) Western North American Juniperus communities: A dynamic vegetation
type, vol 196. Springer, New York, pp 170–187
McPherson GR (1995) The role of fi re in the desert grassland. In: McClaran MP, Van Devender TR
(eds) The desert grassland. The University of Arizona Press, Tucson, pp 131–151
Miller RF, Bates JD, Svejcar TJ, Pierson FB, Eddleman LE (2005) Biology, ecology and management of western juniper ( Juniperus occidentalis ). Agriculture Experiment Station, Oregon
State University, Corvalis, Oregon
Neff JC, Ballantyne AP, Farmer GL, Mahowald NM, Conroy JL, Landry CC, Overpeck JT et al
(2008) Increasing eolian dust deposition in the western United States linked to human activity.
Nat Geosci 1:189–195
Ratajczak Z, Nippert JB, Collins SL (2012) Woody encroachment decreases diversity across North
American grasslands and savannas. Ecology 93:697–703
Reynolds JF, Smith DMS, Lambin EF, Turner BL II (2007) Global desertifi cation: building a science for dryland development. Science 316:847–851
Schlesinger WH, Raikes JA, Hartley AE, Cross AF (1996) On the spatial pattern of soil nutrients
in desert ecosystems. Ecology 77:364–374
Schlesinger WH, Abrahams AD, Parsons AJ, Wainwright J (1999) Nutrient losses in runoff from
grassland and shrubland habitats in southern New Mexico: rainfall simulation experiments.
Biogeochemistry 45:21–34
Schlessinger WH, Reynolds JF, Cunningham GL, Huenneke LF, Jarrell WH, Virginia RA,
Whitford WG (1990) Biological feedbacks in global desertifi cation. Science 247:1043–1048
Scholes RJ, Walker BH (1993) An African Savanna: synthesis of the Nylsvley study. Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge
References
Collins SL, Wallace LL (1990) Fire in North American tallgrass prairie. University of Oklahoma
Press, Norman, Oklahoma
Doughty RW (1983) Wildlife and man in Texas: environmental change and conservation. Texas A
& M University Press, College Station, TX
Ehrenfeld JG (2010) Ecosystem consequences of biological invasions. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst
41:59–80
Fuhlendorf SD, Archer SR, Smeins FE, Engle DM, Taylor CA Jr (2008) The combined infl uence
of grazing, fi re, and herbaceous productivity on tree-grass interactions. In: Van Auken OW (ed)
Western North American Juniperus communities: a dynamic vegetation type, vol 196. Springer,
New York, pp 219–238
Heitschmidt RK, Struth JW (1991) Grazing management: an ecological perspective. Timberline
Press, Portland
Humphrey RR (1958) The desert grassland: a history of vegetational change and an analysis of
causes. Bot Rev 24:193–252
Inglis JM (1964) A history of vegetation on the Rio Grande plain. Texas Parks and Wildlife
Department. Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Austin, Texas
Jurena PN, Van Auken OW (1998) Woody plant recruitment under canopies of two acacias in a
southwestern Texas shrubland. Southwestern Nat 43:195–203
Knapp AK, Briggs JM, Collins SL, Archer SR (2008a) Shrub encroachment in North American
grasslands: shifts in growth form dominance rapidly alters control of ecosystem carbon inputs.
Glob Change Biol 14:615–623
Knapp AK, McCarron JK, Silletti GA, Hoch GL, Heisler MS, Lett JM, Blair JM et al (2008b)
Ecological consequences of the replacement of native grassland by Juniperus virginiana and
other woody plants. In: Van Auken OW (ed) Western North American Juniperus communities:
a dynamic vegetation type, vol 196. Springer, New York, pp 156–169
McKinley DC, Blair JM (2008) Woody plant encroachment by Juniperus virginiana in a mesic
native grassland promotes rapid carbon and nitrogen accrual. Ecosystems 11:454–468
McKinley DC, Rice CW, Blair JM (2008a) Conversion of grassland to coniferous woodland has
limited effects on soil nitrogen cycle processes. Soil Biol Biochem 40:2627–2633
McKinley DC, Morris MD, Blair JM, Johnson LC (2008b) Altered ecosystem processes as a consequence of Juniperus virginiana L. encroachment into North American tallgrass prairie. In:
Van Auken OW (ed) Western North American Juniperus communities: A dynamic vegetation
type, vol 196. Springer, New York, pp 170–187
McPherson GR (1995) The role of fi re in the desert grassland. In: McClaran MP, Van Devender TR
(eds) The desert grassland. The University of Arizona Press, Tucson, pp 131–151
Miller RF, Bates JD, Svejcar TJ, Pierson FB, Eddleman LE (2005) Biology, ecology and management of western juniper ( Juniperus occidentalis ). Agriculture Experiment Station, Oregon
State University, Corvalis, Oregon
Neff JC, Ballantyne AP, Farmer GL, Mahowald NM, Conroy JL, Landry CC, Overpeck JT et al
(2008) Increasing eolian dust deposition in the western United States linked to human activity.
Nat Geosci 1:189–195
Ratajczak Z, Nippert JB, Collins SL (2012) Woody encroachment decreases diversity across North
American grasslands and savannas. Ecology 93:697–703
Reynolds JF, Smith DMS, Lambin EF, Turner BL II (2007) Global desertifi cation: building a science for dryland development. Science 316:847–851
Schlesinger WH, Raikes JA, Hartley AE, Cross AF (1996) On the spatial pattern of soil nutrients
in desert ecosystems. Ecology 77:364–374
Schlesinger WH, Abrahams AD, Parsons AJ, Wainwright J (1999) Nutrient losses in runoff from
grassland and shrubland habitats in southern New Mexico: rainfall simulation experiments.
Biogeochemistry 45:21–34
Schlessinger WH, Reynolds JF, Cunningham GL, Huenneke LF, Jarrell WH, Virginia RA,
Whitford WG (1990) Biological feedbacks in global desertifi cation. Science 247:1043–1048
Scholes RJ, Walker BH (1993) An African Savanna: synthesis of the Nylsvley study. Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge
References